feat(mcpd): pluggable SecretBackend abstraction + OpenBao driver + migrate

Why: API keys live in Postgres as plaintext JSON. A DB read exposes every
credential in the system. Before centralising more secrets (LLM keys, etc.)
we want to be able to point at an external KV store and drop DB access to
sensitive rows.

New model:
- `SecretBackend` resource (CRUD + isDefault invariant) owns how a secret is
  stored. `Secret` gains `backendId` FK and `externalRef`. Reads/writes
  dispatch through a driver.
- `plaintext` driver (near-noop, uses existing Secret.data column) is seeded
  as the `default` row at startup. Acts as trust root / bootstrap.
- `openbao` driver (also HashiCorp Vault KV v2 compatible) talks plain HTTP,
  no SDK dependency. Auth via static token pulled from a plaintext-backed
  `Secret` through the injected SecretRefResolver. Caches resolved token.
- `SecretMigrateService` moves secrets one-at-a-time: read → write dest →
  flip row → best-effort source delete. Interrupted runs are idempotent
  (skips secrets already on destination).

CLI surface:
- `mcpctl create|get|describe|delete secretbackend` + `--default` on create.
- `mcpctl migrate secrets --from X --to Y [--names a,b] [--keep-source] [--dry-run]`
- `apply -f` round-trips secretbackends (yaml/json multi-doc + grouped).
- RBAC: `secretbackends` resource + `run:migrate-secrets` operation.
- Fish + bash completions regenerated.

docs/secret-backends.md covers the OpenBao policy, chicken-and-egg auth flow,
and the migration semantics.

Broke the circular dep (OpenBao needs SecretService to resolve its own token,
SecretService needs SecretBackendService) with a deferred-resolver bridge in
mcpd startup. 11 new driver unit tests; existing env-resolver/secret-route/
backup tests updated for the new service signatures. Full suite: 1792/1792.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.dockerignore

@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@ dist
 .env.*
 deploy/docker-compose.yml
 src/cli
-src/mcplocal

completions/mcpctl.bash

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ _mcpctl() {
   local cur prev words cword
   _init_completion || return
 
-  local commands="status login logout config get describe delete logs create edit apply patch backup approve console cache"
+  local commands="status login logout config get describe delete logs create edit apply patch backup approve console cache test migrate"
   local project_commands="get describe delete logs create edit attach-server detach-server"
   local global_opts="-v --version --daemon-url --direct -p --project -h --help"
-  local resources="servers instances secrets templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all"
-  local resource_aliases="servers instances secrets templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all server srv instance inst secret sec template tpl project proj user group rbac-definition rbac-binding prompt promptrequest pr serverattachment sa proxymodel pm"
+  local resources="servers instances secrets secretbackends templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all"
+  local resource_aliases="servers instances secrets secretbackends templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all server srv instance inst secret sec secretbackend sb template tpl project proj user group rbac-definition rbac-binding prompt promptrequest pr serverattachment sa proxymodel pm"
 
   # Check if --project/-p was given
   local has_project=false
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ _mcpctl() {
     create)
       local create_sub=$(_mcpctl_get_subcmd $subcmd_pos)
       if [[ -z "$create_sub" ]]; then
-        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "server secret project user group rbac prompt serverattachment promptrequest help" -- "$cur"))
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "server secret secretbackend project user group rbac mcptoken prompt serverattachment promptrequest help" -- "$cur"))
       else
         case "$create_sub" in
           server)
@@ -184,6 +184,9 @@ _mcpctl() {
           secret)
             COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--data --force -h --help" -- "$cur"))
             ;;
+          secretbackend)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--type --description --default --url --namespace --mount --path-prefix --token-secret --config --force -h --help" -- "$cur"))
+            ;;
           project)
             COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "-d --description --proxy-model --prompt --gated --no-gated --server --force -h --help" -- "$cur"))
             ;;
@@ -194,7 +197,10 @@ _mcpctl() {
             COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--description --member --force -h --help" -- "$cur"))
             ;;
           rbac)
-            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--subject --binding --operation --force -h --help" -- "$cur"))
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--subject --roleBindings --force -h --help" -- "$cur"))
+            ;;
+          mcptoken)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "-p --project --rbac --bind --ttl --description --force -h --help" -- "$cur"))
             ;;
           prompt)
             COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "-p --project --content --content-file --priority --link -h --help" -- "$cur"))
@@ -311,6 +317,36 @@ _mcpctl() {
         esac
       fi
       return ;;
+    test)
+      local test_sub=$(_mcpctl_get_subcmd $subcmd_pos)
+      if [[ -z "$test_sub" ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "mcp help" -- "$cur"))
+      else
+        case "$test_sub" in
+          mcp)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--token --tool --args --expect-tools --timeout -o --output --no-health -h --help" -- "$cur"))
+            ;;
+          *)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "-h --help" -- "$cur"))
+            ;;
+        esac
+      fi
+      return ;;
+    migrate)
+      local migrate_sub=$(_mcpctl_get_subcmd $subcmd_pos)
+      if [[ -z "$migrate_sub" ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "secrets help" -- "$cur"))
+      else
+        case "$migrate_sub" in
+          secrets)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "--from --to --names --keep-source --dry-run -h --help" -- "$cur"))
+            ;;
+          *)
+            COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "-h --help" -- "$cur"))
+            ;;
+        esac
+      fi
+      return ;;
     help)
       COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W "$commands" -- "$cur"))
       return ;;

completions/mcpctl.fish

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 # Erase any stale completions from previous versions
 complete -c mcpctl -e
 
-set -l commands status login logout config get describe delete logs create edit apply patch backup approve console cache
+set -l commands status login logout config get describe delete logs create edit apply patch backup approve console cache test migrate
 set -l project_commands get describe delete logs create edit attach-server detach-server
 
 # Disable file completions by default
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ function __mcpctl_has_project
 end
 
 # Resource type detection
-set -l resources servers instances secrets templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all
+set -l resources servers instances secrets secretbackends templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all
 
 function __mcpctl_needs_resource_type
-    set -l resource_aliases servers instances secrets templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all server srv instance inst secret sec template tpl project proj user group rbac-definition rbac-binding prompt promptrequest pr serverattachment sa proxymodel pm
+    set -l resource_aliases servers instances secrets secretbackends templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all server srv instance inst secret sec secretbackend sb template tpl project proj user group rbac-definition rbac-binding prompt promptrequest pr serverattachment sa proxymodel pm
     set -l tokens (commandline -opc)
     set -l found_cmd false
     for tok in $tokens
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ function __mcpctl_resolve_resource
         case server srv servers;      echo servers
         case instance inst instances; echo instances
         case secret sec secrets;      echo secrets
+        case secretbackend sb secretbackends; echo secretbackends
         case template tpl templates;  echo templates
         case project proj projects;   echo projects
         case user users;              echo users
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ function __mcpctl_resolve_resource
 end
 
 function __mcpctl_get_resource_type
-    set -l resource_aliases servers instances secrets templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all server srv instance inst secret sec template tpl project proj user group rbac-definition rbac-binding prompt promptrequest pr serverattachment sa proxymodel pm
+    set -l resource_aliases servers instances secrets secretbackends templates projects users groups rbac prompts promptrequests serverattachments proxymodels all server srv instance inst secret sec secretbackend sb template tpl project proj user group rbac-definition rbac-binding prompt promptrequest pr serverattachment sa proxymodel pm
     set -l tokens (commandline -opc)
     set -l found_cmd false
     for tok in $tokens
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a describe -d 'Show detailed information about a resource'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a delete -d 'Delete a resource (server, instance, secret, project, user, group, rbac)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a logs -d 'Get logs from an MCP server instance'
-complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a create -d 'Create a resource (server, secret, project, user, group, rbac, serverattachment, prompt)'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a create -d 'Create a resource (server, secret, secretbackend, project, user, group, rbac, serverattachment, prompt)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a edit -d 'Edit a resource in your default editor (server, project)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a apply -d 'Apply declarative configuration from a YAML or JSON file'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a patch -d 'Patch a resource field (e.g. mcpctl patch project myproj llmProvider=none)'
@@ -231,13 +232,15 @@ complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a approve -d 'Approve a pending prompt request (atomic: delete request, create prompt)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a console -d 'Interactive MCP console — unified timeline with tools, provenance, and lab replay'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a cache -d 'Manage ProxyModel pipeline cache'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a test -d 'Utilities for testing MCP endpoints and config'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "not __mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $commands" -a migrate -d 'Move resources between backends (currently: secrets between SecretBackends)'
 
 # Project-scoped commands (with --project)
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a get -d 'List resources (servers, projects, instances, all)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a describe -d 'Show detailed information about a resource'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a delete -d 'Delete a resource (server, instance, secret, project, user, group, rbac)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a logs -d 'Get logs from an MCP server instance'
-complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a create -d 'Create a resource (server, secret, project, user, group, rbac, serverattachment, prompt)'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a create -d 'Create a resource (server, secret, secretbackend, project, user, group, rbac, serverattachment, prompt)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a edit -d 'Edit a resource in your default editor (server, project)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a attach-server -d 'Attach a server to a project (requires --project)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_has_project; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $project_commands" -a detach-server -d 'Detach a server from a project (requires --project)'
@@ -280,13 +283,15 @@ complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active config claude-generate" -l stdout
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active config impersonate" -l quit -d 'Stop impersonating and return to original identity'
 
 # create subcommands
-set -l create_cmds server secret project user group rbac prompt serverattachment promptrequest
+set -l create_cmds server secret secretbackend project user group rbac mcptoken prompt serverattachment promptrequest
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a server -d 'Create an MCP server definition'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a secret -d 'Create a secret'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a secretbackend -d 'Create a secret backend (plaintext, openbao)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a project -d 'Create a project'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a user -d 'Create a user'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a group -d 'Create a group'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a rbac -d 'Create an RBAC binding definition'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a mcptoken -d 'Create a project-scoped API token for HTTP-mode mcplocal. The raw token is printed once.'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a prompt -d 'Create an approved prompt'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a serverattachment -d 'Attach a server to a project'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from create; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $create_cmds" -a promptrequest -d 'Create a prompt request (pending proposal that needs approval)'
@@ -311,6 +316,18 @@ complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create server" -l force -d 'Update
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secret" -l data -d 'Secret data KEY=value (repeat for multiple)' -x
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secret" -l force -d 'Update if already exists'
 
+# create secretbackend options
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l type -d 'Backend type (plaintext, openbao)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l description -d 'Description' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l default -d 'Promote this backend to default (atomically demotes the current one)'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l url -d 'openbao: vault URL (e.g. http://bao.example:8200)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l namespace -d 'openbao: X-Vault-Namespace header value' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l mount -d 'openbao: KV v2 mount point (default: secret)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l path-prefix -d 'openbao: path prefix under mount (default: mcpctl)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l token-secret -d 'openbao: token secret reference in SECRET/KEY form (e.g. bao-creds/token)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l config -d 'Extra config as key=value (repeat for multiple)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create secretbackend" -l force -d 'Update if already exists'
+
 # create project options
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create project" -s d -l description -d 'Project description' -x
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create project" -l proxy-model -d 'Plugin name (default, content-pipeline, gate, none)' -x
@@ -332,10 +349,17 @@ complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create group" -l force -d 'Update
 
 # create rbac options
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create rbac" -l subject -d 'Subject as Kind:name (repeat for multiple)' -x
-complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create rbac" -l binding -d 'Role binding as role:resource (e.g. edit:servers, run:projects)' -x
-complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create rbac" -l operation -d 'Operation binding (e.g. logs, backup)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create rbac" -l roleBindings -d 'Role binding as key:value pairs, e.g. "role:view,resource:servers" or "role:view,resource:servers,name:my-ha" or "action:logs" (repeat for multiple)' -x
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create rbac" -l force -d 'Update if already exists'
 
+# create mcptoken options
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create mcptoken" -s p -l project -d 'Project this token is bound to' -xa '(__mcpctl_project_names)'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create mcptoken" -l rbac -d 'Base RBAC: \'empty\' (default, no bindings) or \'clone\' (snapshot creator\'s perms)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create mcptoken" -l bind -d 'Additional role binding as key:value pairs, e.g. "role:view,resource:servers" or "action:logs" (repeat for multiple). Creator perms are the ceiling.' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create mcptoken" -l ttl -d 'Expiry: \'30d\', \'12h\', \'never\', or an ISO8601 datetime' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create mcptoken" -l description -d 'Freeform description' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create mcptoken" -l force -d 'Revoke any existing active token with this name, then create a new one'
+
 # create prompt options
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create prompt" -s p -l project -d 'Project name to scope the prompt to' -xa '(__mcpctl_project_names)'
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active create prompt" -l content -d 'Prompt content text' -x
@@ -369,6 +393,30 @@ complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from cache; and not __fish_seen_su
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active cache clear" -l older-than -d 'Clear entries older than N days' -x
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active cache clear" -s y -l yes -d 'Skip confirmation'
 
+# test subcommands
+set -l test_cmds mcp
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from test; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $test_cmds" -a mcp -d 'Verify a Streamable-HTTP MCP endpoint: health, initialize, tools/list, optionally call a tool.'
+
+# test mcp options
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active test mcp" -l token -d 'Bearer token (also reads $MCPCTL_TOKEN)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active test mcp" -l tool -d 'Invoke a specific tool after listing' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active test mcp" -l args -d 'JSON-encoded arguments for --tool' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active test mcp" -l expect-tools -d 'Comma-separated tool names that MUST appear; fails otherwise' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active test mcp" -l timeout -d 'Per-request timeout in seconds' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active test mcp" -s o -l output -d 'Output format: text or json' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active test mcp" -l no-health -d 'Skip the /healthz preflight check'
+
+# migrate subcommands
+set -l migrate_cmds secrets
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from migrate; and not __fish_seen_subcommand_from $migrate_cmds" -a secrets -d 'Migrate secrets from one SecretBackend to another'
+
+# migrate secrets options
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active migrate secrets" -l from -d 'Source SecretBackend name' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active migrate secrets" -l to -d 'Destination SecretBackend name' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active migrate secrets" -l names -d 'Comma-separated secret names (default: all)' -x
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active migrate secrets" -l keep-source -d 'Leave the source copy intact (default: delete from source after write+commit)'
+complete -c mcpctl -n "__mcpctl_subcmd_active migrate secrets" -l dry-run -d 'Show which secrets would be migrated without touching them'
+
 # status options
 complete -c mcpctl -n "__fish_seen_subcommand_from status" -s o -l output -d 'output format (table, json, yaml)' -x
 

deploy/Dockerfile.mcplocal

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# HTTP-only mcplocal for k8s deploy (Service `mcp`, Ingress `mcp.ad.itaz.eu`).
+# Container CMD runs the `serve.ts` entry which — unlike the systemd/STDIO
+# entry — has no stdin/stdout MCP client and bootstraps exclusively from env.
+
+# Stage 1: Build TypeScript
+FROM node:20-alpine AS builder
+
+RUN corepack enable && corepack prepare pnpm@9.15.0 --activate
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy workspace config and package manifests
+COPY pnpm-workspace.yaml pnpm-lock.yaml package.json tsconfig.base.json ./
+COPY src/mcplocal/package.json src/mcplocal/tsconfig.json src/mcplocal/
+COPY src/shared/package.json src/shared/tsconfig.json src/shared/
+COPY src/db/package.json src/db/tsconfig.json src/db/
+
+# Install all dependencies
+RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
+
+# Copy source
+COPY src/mcplocal/src/ src/mcplocal/src/
+COPY src/shared/src/ src/shared/src/
+COPY src/db/src/ src/db/src/
+COPY src/db/prisma/ src/db/prisma/
+
+# Build (mcplocal depends on shared; db is pulled transitively by shared/... actually
+# mcplocal does not depend on db at runtime — prisma client is only used by mcpd).
+RUN pnpm -F @mcpctl/shared build && pnpm -F @mcpctl/mcplocal build
+
+# Stage 2: Production runtime
+FROM node:20-alpine
+
+RUN corepack enable && corepack prepare pnpm@9.15.0 --activate
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy workspace config, manifests, and lockfile
+COPY pnpm-workspace.yaml pnpm-lock.yaml package.json ./
+COPY src/mcplocal/package.json src/mcplocal/
+COPY src/shared/package.json src/shared/
+
+# Install deps (production only — no db / prisma runtime here).
+RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
+
+# Copy built output
+COPY --from=builder /app/src/shared/dist/ src/shared/dist/
+COPY --from=builder /app/src/mcplocal/dist/ src/mcplocal/dist/
+
+EXPOSE 3200
+
+# Cache directory — expected to be mounted as a PVC in k8s.
+VOLUME /var/lib/mcplocal/cache
+
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=10s --timeout=5s --retries=3 --start-period=10s \
+  CMD wget -q --spider http://localhost:3200/healthz || exit 1
+
+# MCPLOCAL_MCPD_URL and MCPLOCAL_MCPD_TOKEN are required and must come from
+# the Pulumi-managed Secret. Other env vars default sensibly.
+CMD ["node", "src/mcplocal/dist/serve.js"]

docs/mcptoken-implementation.md

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# mcptoken + HTTP-mode mcplocal — implementation log
+
+Companion to the approved plan at `/home/michal/.claude/plans/lets-discuss-something-i-bright-lovelace.md`.
+This file is updated as each milestone lands, so you can review what was actually done vs. what was planned.
+
+## Context (why)
+
+You're running your own vLLM inference outside Claude Code and want it to consume mcpctl over MCP with the same UX Claude gets: project-scoped server discovery, proxy models, the pipeline cache. Today `mcplocal` is systemd-only and serves STDIO — unreachable from off-host and unauthenticated. This work adds:
+
+1. A containerized, network-accessible `mcplocal` serving Streamable HTTP.
+2. A new `McpToken` resource (CLI: `mcpctl get/create/delete mcptoken`) — project-scoped bearer tokens with the same RBAC stack as users. Hashed at rest; raw value shown once.
+3. Tokens as a first-class RBAC subject kind (`McpToken:<sha>`), with a creator-permission ceiling so non-admins cannot mint escalated tokens.
+4. k8s deploy (Service `mcp`, Ingress `mcp.ad.itaz.eu`, PVC-backed `FileCache`).
+5. A CLI breaking change: `mcpctl create rbac --binding edit:servers` → `--roleBindings role:edit,resource:servers`. You explicitly asked for this; only one command uses it.
+6. A product-grade `mcpctl test mcp <url>` verb for validating any Streamable-HTTP MCP endpoint, reused by smoke tests.
+
+## Branch
+
+All work lives on `feat/mcptoken` (off `main` at `3149ea3`).
+
+## Pre-work committed to main (outside this branch)
+
+Before starting the feature, we flushed your in-flight changes to main so they wouldn't travel with the branch:
+
+- **`3149ea3 fix: MCP proxy resilience — discovery cache, default liveness probes`** — per-server `tools/list` cache in `McpRouter` with positive+negative TTL so dead upstreams only stall the first call; default liveness probe (tools/list through the real production path) applied to any RUNNING instance without an explicit healthCheck. Already pushed to origin.
+
+## Status legend
+
+- ✅ done
+- 🚧 in progress
+- ⬜ not started
+
+## PR 1 — Schema + token helpers + mcpd CRUD routes ✅
+
+| # | Step | Status |
+|---|---|---|
+| 1 | `McpToken` Prisma model + Project/User reverse relations; `AuditEvent.tokenName` / `tokenSha` + index | ✅ |
+| 2 | `src/shared/src/tokens/index.ts` — `generateToken`, `hashToken`, `isMcpToken`, `timingSafeEqualHex`, `TOKEN_PREFIX` | ✅ |
+| 3 | `src/mcpd/src/repositories/mcp-token.repository.ts` + new interfaces in `repositories/interfaces.ts` | ✅ |
+| 4 | `src/mcpd/src/services/mcp-token.service.ts` — creator-ceiling via `rbacService.canAccess`/`canRunOperation`, raw token returned only once, auto-creates an `RbacDefinition` with subject `McpToken:<sha>` when bindings are non-empty | ✅ |
+| 5 | `src/mcpd/src/routes/mcp-tokens.ts` — POST / GET / GET:id / DELETE:id + POST:id/revoke + GET /introspect | ✅ |
+| 6 | Wired into `main.ts` — repo/service constructed, routes registered, `mcptokens` added to URL→permission map + name resolver; `/mcptokens/introspect` added to auth-skip list so mcplocal can call it with a raw McpToken bearer | ✅ |
+| 7 | RBAC extensions: new subject kind `McpToken` in `rbac-definition.schema.ts`; `mcptokens` added to `RBAC_RESOURCES` and `RESOURCE_ALIASES`; `rbac.service.ts` threads optional `mcpTokenSha` through `canAccess`, `canRunOperation`, `getAllowedScope`, `getPermissions`; resolver matches `{kind:'McpToken', name: sha}` | ✅ |
+| 8 | Unit tests — `tests/mcp-token-service.test.ts` covering: empty/clone modes, ceiling rejection, RbacDefinition auto-create with correct `McpToken:<sha>` subject, duplicate-name conflict, introspect valid/revoked/expired/unknown, revoke deletes the RbacDefinition. 11/11 green. Full mcpd suite still 648/648. | ✅ |
+
+### What this PR does NOT do yet (coming in PR 3)
+
+- The mcpd **auth middleware** does not yet dispatch on the token prefix. A raw `mcpctl_pat_…` bearer sent to any `/api/v1/*` endpoint (other than `/introspect`) is still rejected as an invalid session. That's intentional — PR 3 extends `middleware/auth.ts` to recognize both session bearers and McpToken bearers.
+- No CLI yet. Tokens can be created only via `POST /api/v1/mcptokens` for now.
+
+## PR 2 — RBAC CLI migration ✅
+
+Migrated `mcpctl create rbac` from positional flag syntax to the key=value form you asked for.
+
+Before:
+```
+mcpctl create rbac developers \
+  --subject User:alice@test.com \
+  --binding edit:servers \
+  --binding view:servers:my-ha \
+  --operation logs
+```
+After:
+```
+mcpctl create rbac developers \
+  --subject User:alice@test.com \
+  --roleBindings role:edit,resource:servers \
+  --roleBindings role:view,resource:servers,name:my-ha \
+  --roleBindings action:logs
+```
+
+| # | Step | Status |
+|---|---|---|
+| 1 | New shared parser at `src/cli/src/commands/rbac-bindings.ts` exporting `parseRoleBinding(entry)` | ✅ |
+| 2 | `src/cli/src/commands/create.ts` — old `--binding`/`--operation` flags replaced with one repeatable `--roleBindings <kv>`. Uses the new parser. | ✅ |
+| 3 | Tests in `src/cli/tests/commands/create.test.ts` rewritten to the new form (8 RBAC tests updated) | ✅ |
+| 4 | New dedicated unit test `src/cli/tests/commands/rbac-bindings.test.ts` — 9 cases covering unscoped / name-scoped / action / trim / empty-value / unknown-key / action-conflict / missing-role rejections | ✅ |
+| 5 | Shell completions regenerated via `pnpm completions:generate` — both `completions/mcpctl.{bash,fish}` now offer `--roleBindings`, no longer `--binding`/`--operation` | ✅ |
+| 6 | Nothing in `docs/` or `README.md` referenced the old flags | ✅ |
+
+Full CLI suite still 406/406 green. On-disk YAML shape (`roleBindings: [...]`) is unchanged, so backups and existing `apply -f` files keep working.
+
+The extracted `parseRoleBinding` helper is what PR 3's `mcpctl create mcptoken --bind <kv>` flag will reuse.
+
+## PR 3 — CLI mcptoken verbs + mcpd auth dispatch + audit ✅
+
+| # | Step | Status |
+|---|---|---|
+| 1 | `src/mcpd/src/middleware/auth.ts` — dispatch on the bearer prefix. `mcpctl_pat_…` → new `findMcpToken(hash)` dep → populates `request.mcpToken` + `request.userId = ownerId`. Other bearers → existing `findSession` path. Returns 401 for revoked, expired, or unknown tokens. Fastify module augmentation adds `request.mcpToken?: McpTokenPrincipal`. | ✅ |
+| 2 | `src/mcpd/src/main.ts` — wires `findMcpToken: mcpTokenRepo.findByHash`. Threads `mcpTokenSha` into `canAccess` / `canRunOperation` / `getAllowedScope`. Adds a second project-scope check: `McpToken` principals can only reach resources inside their bound project (additional guard on top of the route handler checks). | ✅ |
+| 3 | New auth tests (`tests/auth.test.ts`) — 3 McpToken dispatch cases: happy path sets userId + mcpToken, revoked → 401, no findMcpToken wired → 401. Session path unchanged. | ✅ |
+| 4 | `mcpctl create mcptoken <name> -p <proj> [--rbac empty\|clone] [--bind …] [--ttl …]` — new subcommand. Reuses `parseRoleBinding` from PR 2. `parseTtl` helper accepts `30d`/`12h`/`never`/ISO8601. `--force` revokes the existing active token and creates a new one. Raw token is printed once with a "copy now" banner. | ✅ |
+| 5 | `mcpctl get mcptokens` + `mcpctl get mcptoken <name> -p <proj>` + `mcpctl describe mcptoken <name> -p <proj>` + `mcpctl delete mcptoken <name> -p <proj>`. Names are project-scoped, so all verbs require `-p` unless a CUID is passed. Table columns: NAME / PROJECT / PREFIX / CREATED / LAST USED / EXPIRES / STATUS. Describe surfaces the auto-created RbacDefinition's bindings (matched by `mcptoken-<id>` name convention). | ✅ |
+| 6 | `mcpctl apply -f` — added `McpTokenSpecSchema`, `mcpton: 'mcptokens'` in `KIND_TO_RESOURCE`, and an applier that creates if missing or logs "already active — skipped" (tokens are immutable). Raw token printed on create. | ✅ |
+| 7 | Resource aliases — `mcptoken`/`mcptokens`/`token`/`tokens` all resolve to `mcptokens`. `stripInternalFields` scrubs the secret and derived fields and promotes `projectName` → `project` for YAML round-trip. | ✅ |
+| 8 | Audit pipeline — `src/mcplocal/src/audit/types.ts` gains `tokenName?`/`tokenSha?`; collector gets `setSessionMcpToken(sessionId, {tokenName, tokenSha})` alongside `setSessionUserName`, both merged into a per-session principal map. `src/mcpd/src/services/audit-event.service.ts` accepts `tokenName` and `tokenSha` query params (repo already extended in PR 1). `console/audit-types.ts` carries the new optional fields so the TUI can surface them in a follow-up. | ✅ |
+| 9 | Shell completions regenerated — `mcpctl create mcptoken` flags (`--project`, `--rbac`, `--bind`, `--ttl`, `--description`, `--force`) and the new resource alias land in both bash and fish completions. `completions.test.ts` freshness check passes. | ✅ |
+
+### What this PR does NOT do yet (coming in PR 4)
+
+- No HTTP-mode mcplocal binary yet. Tokens can be used to hit mcpd directly via `/api/v1/…` with `Authorization: Bearer mcpctl_pat_…`, but the containerized `/projects/<p>/mcp` endpoint and its token-auth preHandler don't exist yet.
+- The audit-console TUI still shows only `userName` columns; adding a `TOKEN` column is a UI polish follow-up.
+
+### Test stats
+
+- 1764/1764 tests pass workspace-wide (up from ~1750 before PR 3).
+- Build clean across all 5 packages.
+- Completions freshness check green.
+
+## PR 4 — HTTP-mode mcplocal + container + `mcpctl test mcp` + smoke ✅
+
+| # | Step | Status |
+|---|---|---|
+| 1 | **Shared HTTP MCP client** — `src/shared/src/mcp-http/index.ts`. `McpHttpSession(url, {bearer?, headers?, timeoutMs?})` with `initialize / listTools / callTool / close / send / sendNotification`. Handles http + https, multiplexed SSE bodies, JSON-RPC id correlation. Distinct `McpProtocolError` / `McpTransportError` classes for contract-vs-transport failures. Plus `deriveBaseUrl(url)` + `mcpHealthCheck(base)`. Exported from `@mcpctl/shared`. | ✅ |
+| 2 | **`mcpctl test mcp <url>`** — new CLI verb under `src/cli/src/commands/test-mcp.ts`. Flags: `--token` (also reads `$MCPCTL_TOKEN`), `--tool`, `--args` (JSON), `--expect-tools`, `--timeout`, `-o text\|json`, `--no-health`. Exit codes: 0 PASS, 1 TRANSPORT/AUTH FAIL, 2 CONTRACT FAIL (e.g. missing tool or `isError=true`). | ✅ |
+| 3 | **Unit tests** for the verb — `src/cli/tests/commands/test-mcp.test.ts`. 9 cases: happy path, health preflight failure, `--expect-tools` miss / hit, transport throw, `--tool` + `isError` → exit 2, `-o json` report, `$MCPCTL_TOKEN` env fallback, invalid `--args`. All green. | ✅ |
+| 4 | **`src/mcplocal/src/serve.ts`** — new HTTP-only entry. Drops `StdioProxyServer` and `--upstream`; forces host/port from `MCPLOCAL_HTTP_HOST`/`MCPLOCAL_HTTP_PORT`; requires `MCPLOCAL_MCPD_URL`. Registers a Fastify preHandler that runs the new `token-auth` middleware on `/projects/*` and `/mcp`. Preserves LLM provider loading + proxymodel hot-reload watchers. | ✅ |
+| 5 | **`src/mcplocal/src/http/token-auth.ts`** — Fastify preHandler that validates `mcpctl_pat_…` bearers by calling `GET <mcpd>/api/v1/mcptokens/introspect`. Cache: 30s positive / 5s negative TTL keyed on `hashToken(raw)`. Rejects non-Bearer, non-`mcpctl_pat_`, revoked, expired, and wrong-project (403 when path `projectName` ≠ token's bound project). Sets `request.mcpToken = { tokenName, tokenSha, projectName }` for the audit collector. | ✅ |
+| 6 | **FileCache PVC plumbing** — `src/mcplocal/src/http/project-mcp-endpoint.ts` now honours `process.env.MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR` at both `FileCache` construction sites (gated + dynamic). No constructor change needed — `FileCache` already accepted a `dir` config; we just wire the env-derived value through. | ✅ |
+| 7 | **Audit collector integration** — when `request.mcpToken` is set, the `onsessioninitialized` handler in `project-mcp-endpoint.ts` now also calls `collector.setSessionMcpToken(id, {tokenName, tokenSha})` alongside the existing `setSessionUserName`. Session map from PR 3 merges both principals. | ✅ |
+| 8 | **Container image** — `deploy/Dockerfile.mcplocal` mirrors `Dockerfile.mcpd` shape: multi-stage Node 20 Alpine, pnpm workspace build of `@mcpctl/shared` + `@mcpctl/mcplocal`, runtime `CMD node src/mcplocal/dist/serve.js`, `EXPOSE 3200`, `VOLUME /var/lib/mcplocal/cache`, `HEALTHCHECK` on `/healthz`. | ✅ |
+| 9 | **Build + push script** — `scripts/build-mcplocal.sh` (executable, 755) mirrors `build-mcpd.sh`. Pushes to `10.0.0.194:3012/michal/mcplocal:latest`. | ✅ |
+| 10 | **`fulldeploy.sh`** — now a 4-step pipeline: (1) build + push mcpd, (2) build + push mcplocal, (3) rollout both deployments on k8s (mcplocal gated behind a `kubectl get deployment/mcplocal` check so the script stays green before the Pulumi stack lands), (4) RPM release. Smoke suite runs at the end as before. | ✅ |
+| 11 | **`mcpctl test mcp` + new create flags in completions** — bash + fish regenerated. `src/mcplocal/package.json` gains a `serve` script for convenience. | ✅ |
+| 12 | **Smoke test** — `src/mcplocal/tests/smoke/mcptoken.smoke.test.ts`. Gated on `healthz($MCPGW_URL)`; skipped with a clear warning if the gateway is unreachable. Scenarios: happy path via `mcpctl test mcp` → exit 0; cross-project → exit 1 with a 403 message; `--expect-tools __nonexistent__` → exit 2; delete-then-retry after the 5s negative-cache window → exit 1 with 401. Cleans up both projects at the end. | ✅ |
+
+### Deploy-time steps still owed (outside this repo)
+
+- **Pulumi (`../kubernetes-deployment`, stack `homelab`)** — add a `Deployment` named `mcplocal` in ns `mcpctl` pointing at `10.0.0.194:3012/michal/mcplocal:latest` (internal registry), a `Service` named `mcp` (port 3200→80, ClusterIP), an `Ingress` for `mcp.ad.itaz.eu` with TLS via the existing cluster-issuer, a PVC `mcplocal-cache` (10Gi RWO, mounted `/var/lib/mcplocal/cache`), and a NetworkPolicy mirroring mcpd's. Required env: **just `MCPLOCAL_MCPD_URL`** (point at `http://mcpd.mcpctl.svc.cluster.local:3100`). Optionally `MCPLOCAL_TOKEN_POSITIVE_TTL_MS` / `MCPLOCAL_TOKEN_NEGATIVE_TTL_MS` for stricter revocation. `fulldeploy.sh` already runs `pulumi preview` first and halts on drift.
+- **No pod-level secret required** (revised from earlier draft) — the pod has no persistent identity to mcpd. Every inbound `Authorization: Bearer mcpctl_pat_…` is forwarded verbatim to mcpd, and mcpd's auth middleware resolves the McpToken principal. This eliminates the original `MCPLOCAL_MCPD_TOKEN` secret and its rotation story. Trade-off: a token with `--rbac=empty` can't read `/api/v1/projects/:name/servers`, but it also can't meaningfully serve MCP, so this is the right failure mode. See `src/mcplocal/src/serve.ts` header comment.
+- **LLM provider config** — if any project served by this pod is `gated: true`, mount your `~/.mcpctl/config.json` as a ConfigMap at `/root/.mcpctl/config.json`. Ungated projects (proxyModel `content-pipeline` or no LLM-driven stages) need nothing.
+
+### Test stats
+
+- 1773/1773 workspace tests pass (up from 1764 before PR 4).
+- All five packages build clean.
+- Shell completions fresh.
+- `mcpctl test mcp --help` and `mcpctl create mcptoken --help` render expected surfaces.
+
+## End-to-end verification (manual, after Pulumi resources land)
+
+```bash
+# From a workstation outside the k8s cluster:
+mcpctl create project vllm --force
+TOK=$(mcpctl create mcptoken vllm-token --project vllm --rbac clone | grep mcpctl_pat_)
+export MCPCTL_TOKEN="$TOK"
+
+# Probe the public gateway
+mcpctl test mcp https://mcp.ad.itaz.eu/projects/vllm/mcp --expect-tools begin_session
+
+# Negative: wrong project → exit 1
+mcpctl test mcp https://mcp.ad.itaz.eu/projects/other/mcp
+echo $?   # 1
+
+# Audit — the call should be tagged with tokenName=vllm-token
+mcpctl console --audit  # look for the TOKEN column once the TUI patch lands
+```
+
+## Design decisions recap (so you don't have to re-read the plan)
+
+| Decision | Choice |
+|---|---|
+| Transport | Streamable HTTP only |
+| Binary shape | Same `@mcpctl/mcplocal` package, two entry files (`main.ts` STDIO, `serve.ts` HTTP) |
+| Container runtime | Node (not bun-compiled) — mirrors mcpd |
+| Cache | PVC at `/var/lib/mcplocal/cache` |
+| Hostname | k8s Service `mcp`, Ingress `mcp.ad.itaz.eu` |
+| Token format | `mcpctl_pat_<32-byte base62>`, stored as SHA-256, shown-once at create |
+| Resource | `McpToken`, CLI noun `mcptoken`, one-project-per-token, FK cascade |
+| Subject kind | New `McpToken:<sha>` |
+| TTL | No default. Optional `--ttl 30d` / `never` / ISO date |
+| Default bindings | `--rbac=empty` (default), `--rbac=clone`, `--bind <kv>` — creator ceiling enforced server-side |
+| Binding CLI | `--roleBindings role:view,resource:servers[,name:foo]` or `--roleBindings action:logs` |
+| Project enforcement | Endpoint visibility only (no strict create-time check) — same mechanism Claude uses |

docs/secret-backends.md

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# Secret backends
+
+`mcpctl` stores the raw data for `Secret` resources in a pluggable **backend**.
+The default is `plaintext` — the secret payload lives in Postgres as plain JSON
+— which is fine for laptop development but a poor fit for shared clusters. For
+production, point at an external KV store and delete secrets from the DB after
+migration.
+
+This guide covers the model, the shipped drivers, and how to migrate without
+downtime.
+
+## Model
+
+- A `SecretBackend` resource is a single named driver instance (e.g. a pointer
+  at one OpenBao deployment).
+- Every `Secret` row carries a `backendId` FK — the backend that owns its data.
+- Exactly one `SecretBackend` has `isDefault: true`. New secrets created through
+  the API/CLI land on that backend.
+- The `plaintext` backend is seeded at startup and named `default`. It cannot
+  be deleted — there needs to always be one row where the driver's own
+  credentials can bootstrap from (see below).
+
+## CLI
+
+```bash
+mcpctl get secretbackends              # list backends
+mcpctl describe secretbackend <name>   # inspect config (credentials masked)
+mcpctl create secretbackend <name> --type plaintext [--default] [--description ...]
+mcpctl create secretbackend <name> --type openbao \
+  --url http://bao.example:8200 \
+  --token-secret bao-creds/token \
+  [--namespace <ns>] [--mount secret] [--path-prefix mcpctl] \
+  [--default]
+mcpctl delete secretbackend <name>     # blocked if any secret still points at it
+
+mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao
+mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao --names a,b --keep-source
+mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao --dry-run
+```
+
+Anything you can do with `create secretbackend` also works via `apply -f`:
+
+```yaml
+kind: secretbackend
+name: bao
+type: openbao
+description: "shared cluster OpenBao"
+isDefault: true
+config:
+  url: http://bao.svc.cluster.local:8200
+  tokenSecretRef: { name: bao-creds, key: token }
+  namespace: platform
+```
+
+## Drivers
+
+### plaintext
+
+Trivial. `Secret.data` holds the JSON, `externalRef` is empty.
+
+- Storage: Postgres column.
+- Bootstrap: seeded as `default` at startup.
+- Cost: zero setup, zero encryption at rest, full access for any DB reader.
+
+Use for development, CI, or single-tenant self-hosts where the DB itself is
+treated as sensitive.
+
+### openbao
+
+Talks HTTP to an [OpenBao](https://openbao.org) (MPL 2.0 Vault fork) KV v2
+mount. Also compatible with HashiCorp Vault KV v2 — the wire protocol is the
+same.
+
+| Config key       | Required? | Description |
+|------------------|-----------|-------------|
+| `url`            | yes       | Base URL, e.g. `http://bao.svc.cluster.local:8200`. |
+| `tokenSecretRef` | yes       | `{ name, key }` pointing at a `Secret` on the **plaintext** backend that holds the bootstrap token. |
+| `mount`          | no        | KV v2 mount name. Default `secret`. |
+| `pathPrefix`     | no        | Path prefix under the mount. Default `mcpctl`. Secrets land at `<mount>/<pathPrefix>/<secretName>`. |
+| `namespace`      | no        | `X-Vault-Namespace` header for OpenBao/Vault Enterprise namespaces. |
+
+The driver only stores a reference in `Secret.externalRef` (`mount/path`). The
+`Secret.data` column is left empty for openbao-backed rows — you can safely
+drop DB-level access to secrets after migration.
+
+#### Required OpenBao policy
+
+Minimum token policy for a backend that lives at `secret/mcpctl/`:
+
+```hcl
+path "secret/data/mcpctl/*" {
+  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update"]
+}
+
+path "secret/metadata/mcpctl/*" {
+  capabilities = ["list", "delete"]
+}
+
+path "secret/metadata/mcpctl/" {
+  capabilities = ["list"]
+}
+```
+
+Grant `delete` on `metadata/...` only if you need mcpctl to fully remove
+secrets — OpenBao soft-deletes until the metadata is gone.
+
+#### Chicken-and-egg: where does the OpenBao token live?
+
+mcpd reads the OpenBao token from a `Secret` on the **plaintext** backend.
+That's the whole point of keeping plaintext around — it's the trust root:
+
+1. Operator creates a plaintext `Secret` holding the bootstrap token.
+2. Operator creates the `openbao` backend, pointing at that secret via
+   `tokenSecretRef`.
+3. Operator runs `mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao` to move all
+   other secrets off plaintext.
+4. After migration, the only sensitive row left on plaintext is the OpenBao
+   token itself. DB access is now equivalent to OpenBao token access (a single
+   key), not equivalent to all API keys in the system.
+
+Follow-up work (not shipped yet) replaces static token auth with Kubernetes
+ServiceAccount auth so no bootstrap token is needed at all.
+
+## Migration — `mcpctl migrate secrets`
+
+Atomicity is **per secret**, not per batch. Remote writes can't roll back, so we
+don't pretend. For each secret the service:
+
+1. Reads the plaintext from the source driver.
+2. Writes it to the destination driver.
+3. Updates the `Secret` row: flips `backendId`, sets new `externalRef`, clears
+   `data`.
+4. Deletes from source (skipped with `--keep-source`).
+
+If the command is interrupted between step 2 and 3, the destination has an
+orphan entry but the source still owns the row. Re-running is idempotent — the
+service skips secrets that are already on the destination and picks up the
+rest.
+
+```bash
+# Dry-run first: see what would move.
+mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao --dry-run
+
+# Migrate everything.
+mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao
+
+# Migrate a subset only.
+mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao --names api-keys,oauth-client
+
+# Leave the source copy in place (useful for A/B validation).
+mcpctl migrate secrets --from default --to bao --keep-source
+```
+
+The command prints a per-secret summary (migrated / skipped / failed) and exits
+non-zero if any secret failed. Ctrl-C during the run is safe — restart when you
+want, no duplicate writes.
+
+## RBAC
+
+- `resource: secretbackends` — gated like any other resource (`view`,
+  `create`, `edit`, `delete`).
+- `role: run, action: migrate-secrets` — required to call
+  `POST /api/v1/secrets/migrate`.
+
+Describe output masks config values whose keys look like credentials
+(`token`, `secret`, `password`, `key`), so `mcpctl describe secretbackend` is
+safe to paste into tickets.

fulldeploy.sh

@@ -53,18 +53,30 @@ else
 fi
 
 echo ""
-echo ">>> Step 1/3: Build & push mcpd Docker image"
+echo ">>> Step 1/4: Build & push mcpd Docker image"
 echo ""
 bash scripts/build-mcpd.sh "$@"
 
 echo ""
-echo ">>> Step 2/3: Roll out mcpd on k8s ($KUBE_CONTEXT / $KUBE_NAMESPACE)"
+echo ">>> Step 2/4: Build & push mcplocal (HTTP-mode) Docker image"
+echo ""
+bash scripts/build-mcplocal.sh "$@"
+
+echo ""
+echo ">>> Step 3/4: Roll out mcpd + mcplocal on k8s ($KUBE_CONTEXT / $KUBE_NAMESPACE)"
 echo ""
 kubectl --context "$KUBE_CONTEXT" -n "$KUBE_NAMESPACE" rollout restart "deployment/$KUBE_DEPLOYMENT"
 kubectl --context "$KUBE_CONTEXT" -n "$KUBE_NAMESPACE" rollout status "deployment/$KUBE_DEPLOYMENT" --timeout=3m
+if kubectl --context "$KUBE_CONTEXT" -n "$KUBE_NAMESPACE" get deployment/mcplocal >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  kubectl --context "$KUBE_CONTEXT" -n "$KUBE_NAMESPACE" rollout restart deployment/mcplocal
+  kubectl --context "$KUBE_CONTEXT" -n "$KUBE_NAMESPACE" rollout status deployment/mcplocal --timeout=3m
+else
+  echo "  NOTE: deployment/mcplocal does not exist in the cluster yet — skipping rollout."
+  echo "        Apply the Pulumi stack in ../kubernetes-deployment to create it."
+fi
 
 echo ""
-echo ">>> Step 3/3: Build, publish & install RPM"
+echo ">>> Step 4/4: Build, publish & install RPM"
 echo ""
 bash scripts/release.sh
 

scripts/build-mcplocal.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Build mcplocal (HTTP-only) Docker image and push to Gitea container registry.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   ./build-mcplocal.sh [tag]                    # Build for native arch
+#   ./build-mcplocal.sh [tag] --platform linux/amd64
+#   ./build-mcplocal.sh [tag] --multi-arch
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(dirname "$SCRIPT_DIR")"
+cd "$PROJECT_ROOT"
+
+# Load .env for GITEA_TOKEN
+if [ -f .env ]; then
+  set -a; source .env; set +a
+fi
+
+# Push directly to internal address (external proxy has body size limit)
+REGISTRY="10.0.0.194:3012"
+IMAGE="mcplocal"
+TAG="${1:-latest}"
+
+PLATFORM=""
+MULTI_ARCH=false
+shift 2>/dev/null || true
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --platform)
+      PLATFORM="$2"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --multi-arch)
+      MULTI_ARCH=true
+      shift
+      ;;
+    *)
+      shift
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+if [ "$MULTI_ARCH" = true ]; then
+  echo "==> Building multi-arch $IMAGE image (linux/amd64 + linux/arm64)..."
+  podman build --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 \
+    --manifest "$IMAGE:$TAG" -f deploy/Dockerfile.mcplocal .
+
+  echo "==> Tagging manifest as $REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG..."
+  podman tag "$IMAGE:$TAG" "$REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG"
+
+  echo "==> Logging in to $REGISTRY..."
+  podman login --tls-verify=false -u michal -p "$GITEA_TOKEN" "$REGISTRY"
+
+  echo "==> Pushing manifest to $REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG..."
+  podman manifest push --tls-verify=false --all \
+    "$REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG" "docker://$REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG"
+else
+  PLATFORM_FLAG=""
+  if [ -n "$PLATFORM" ]; then
+    PLATFORM_FLAG="--platform $PLATFORM"
+    echo "==> Building $IMAGE image for $PLATFORM..."
+  else
+    echo "==> Building $IMAGE image (native arch)..."
+  fi
+
+  podman build $PLATFORM_FLAG -t "$IMAGE:$TAG" -f deploy/Dockerfile.mcplocal .
+
+  echo "==> Tagging as $REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG..."
+  podman tag "$IMAGE:$TAG" "$REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG"
+
+  echo "==> Logging in to $REGISTRY..."
+  podman login --tls-verify=false -u michal -p "$GITEA_TOKEN" "$REGISTRY"
+
+  echo "==> Pushing to $REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG..."
+  podman push --tls-verify=false "$REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG"
+fi
+
+# Ensure package is linked to the repository
+source "$SCRIPT_DIR/link-package.sh"
+link_package "container" "$IMAGE"
+
+echo "==> Done!"
+echo "    Image: $REGISTRY/michal/$IMAGE:$TAG"

scripts/demo-mcp-call.py

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Demo: make an MCP request against mcplocal using an McpToken bearer.
+
+This is the standalone counterpart to `mcpctl test mcp` — intended to show
+exactly what a non-Claude client (e.g. a vLLM-driven agent) would do.
+
+Usage:
+    # Default: localhost mcplocal, sre project, token from $MCPCTL_TOKEN
+    export MCPCTL_TOKEN=mcpctl_pat_...
+    python3 scripts/demo-mcp-call.py
+
+    # Custom URL/project/tool
+    python3 scripts/demo-mcp-call.py \\
+        --url https://mcp.ad.itaz.eu \\
+        --project sre \\
+        --token "$MCPCTL_TOKEN" \\
+        --tool begin_session \\
+        --args '{"description":"hello"}'
+
+No third-party deps — pure stdlib. Mirrors the protocol that
+src/shared/src/mcp-http/index.ts implements on the TypeScript side.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def _parse_sse(body: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Parse a text/event-stream body into a list of JSON-RPC messages."""
+    out: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for line in body.splitlines():
+        if line.startswith("data: "):
+            try:
+                out.append(json.loads(line[6:]))
+            except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                pass
+    return out
+
+
+class McpSession:
+    def __init__(self, url: str, bearer: str | None = None, timeout: float = 30.0):
+        self.url = url
+        self.bearer = bearer
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.session_id: str | None = None
+        self._next_id = 1
+
+    def _headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        h = {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "Accept": "application/json, text/event-stream",
+        }
+        if self.bearer:
+            h["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {self.bearer}"
+        if self.session_id:
+            h["mcp-session-id"] = self.session_id
+        return h
+
+    def send(self, method: str, params: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> Any:
+        rid = self._next_id
+        self._next_id += 1
+        payload = {"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": rid, "method": method, "params": params or {}}
+        req = urllib.request.Request(
+            self.url,
+            data=json.dumps(payload).encode("utf-8"),
+            headers=self._headers(),
+            method="POST",
+        )
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=self.timeout) as resp:
+                body = resp.read().decode("utf-8")
+                content_type = resp.headers.get("content-type", "")
+                # First successful response carries the session id.
+                if self.session_id is None:
+                    sid = resp.headers.get("mcp-session-id")
+                    if sid:
+                        self.session_id = sid
+                messages: list[dict[str, Any]] = (
+                    _parse_sse(body) if "text/event-stream" in content_type else [json.loads(body)]
+                )
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            err_body = e.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            raise SystemExit(f"HTTP {e.code} from {self.url}: {err_body}") from None
+        except urllib.error.URLError as e:
+            raise SystemExit(f"transport error reaching {self.url}: {e.reason}") from None
+
+        # Pick the response matching our id; fall back to first message.
+        matched = next((m for m in messages if m.get("id") == rid), messages[0] if messages else None)
+        if matched is None:
+            raise SystemExit(f"no response for {method}")
+        if "error" in matched:
+            err = matched["error"]
+            raise SystemExit(f"MCP error {err.get('code')}: {err.get('message')}")
+        return matched.get("result")
+
+    def initialize(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return self.send(
+            "initialize",
+            {
+                "protocolVersion": "2024-11-05",
+                "capabilities": {},
+                "clientInfo": {"name": "demo-mcp-call.py", "version": "1.0.0"},
+            },
+        )
+
+    def list_tools(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        result = self.send("tools/list")
+        return result.get("tools", []) if isinstance(result, dict) else []
+
+    def call_tool(self, name: str, args: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+        return self.send("tools/call", {"name": name, "arguments": args})
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Demo MCP request via McpToken bearer.")
+    ap.add_argument("--url", default=os.environ.get("MCPGW_URL", "http://localhost:3200"),
+                    help="Base URL of mcplocal (default: $MCPGW_URL or http://localhost:3200)")
+    ap.add_argument("--project", default="sre",
+                    help="Project name (default: sre). Must match the token's bound project.")
+    ap.add_argument("--token", default=os.environ.get("MCPCTL_TOKEN"),
+                    help="Raw mcpctl_pat_* bearer (default: $MCPCTL_TOKEN)")
+    ap.add_argument("--tool", help="Optionally call a tool after tools/list")
+    ap.add_argument("--args", default="{}", help="JSON-encoded arguments for --tool")
+    ap.add_argument("--timeout", type=float, default=30.0)
+    opts = ap.parse_args()
+
+    if not opts.token:
+        ap.error("--token or $MCPCTL_TOKEN required")
+
+    endpoint = f"{opts.url.rstrip('/')}/projects/{opts.project}/mcp"
+    print(f"→ POST {endpoint}")
+    print(f"  Bearer: {opts.token[:16]}…")
+    print()
+
+    sess = McpSession(endpoint, bearer=opts.token, timeout=opts.timeout)
+
+    info = sess.initialize()
+    server_info = info.get("serverInfo", {}) if isinstance(info, dict) else {}
+    print(f"initialize:  protocol={info.get('protocolVersion') if isinstance(info, dict) else '?'} "
+          f"server={server_info.get('name', '?')}/{server_info.get('version', '?')} "
+          f"sessionId={sess.session_id}")
+
+    tools = sess.list_tools()
+    print(f"tools/list:  {len(tools)} tool(s)")
+    for t in tools:
+        desc = (t.get("description") or "").splitlines()[0][:80]
+        print(f"  - {t['name']}  {desc}")
+
+    if opts.tool:
+        try:
+            args = json.loads(opts.args)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+            raise SystemExit(f"--args must be valid JSON: {e}")
+        print(f"\ntools/call: {opts.tool} {args}")
+        result = sess.call_tool(opts.tool, args)
+        print(json.dumps(result, indent=2)[:2000])
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())

scripts/generate-completions.ts

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ async function extractTree(): Promise<CmdInfo> {
 // ============================================================
 
 const CANONICAL_RESOURCES = [
-  'servers', 'instances', 'secrets', 'templates', 'projects',
+  'servers', 'instances', 'secrets', 'secretbackends', 'templates', 'projects',
   'users', 'groups', 'rbac', 'prompts', 'promptrequests',
   'serverattachments', 'proxymodels', 'all',
 ];
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ const ALIAS_ENTRIES: [string, string][] = [
   ['server', 'servers'], ['srv', 'servers'],
   ['instance', 'instances'], ['inst', 'instances'],
   ['secret', 'secrets'], ['sec', 'secrets'],
+  ['secretbackend', 'secretbackends'], ['sb', 'secretbackends'],
   ['template', 'templates'], ['tpl', 'templates'],
   ['project', 'projects'], ['proj', 'projects'],
   ['user', 'users'],

src/cli/src/api-client.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import http from 'node:http';
+import https from 'node:https';
 
 export interface ApiClientOptions {
   baseUrl: string;
@@ -31,16 +32,18 @@ function request<T>(method: string, url: string, timeout: number, body?: unknown
     if (token) {
       headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${token}`;
     }
+    const isHttps = parsed.protocol === 'https:';
     const opts: http.RequestOptions = {
       hostname: parsed.hostname,
-      port: parsed.port,
+      port: parsed.port || (isHttps ? 443 : 80),
       path: parsed.pathname + parsed.search,
       method,
       timeout,
       headers,
     };
 
-    const req = http.request(opts, (res) => {
+    const driver = isHttps ? https : http;
+    const req = driver.request(opts, (res) => {
       const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
       res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
       res.on('end', () => {

src/cli/src/commands/apply.ts

@@ -41,6 +41,14 @@ const SecretSpecSchema = z.object({
   data: z.record(z.string()).default({}),
 });
 
+const SecretBackendSpecSchema = z.object({
+  name: z.string().min(1),
+  type: z.string().min(1),
+  description: z.string().default(''),
+  isDefault: z.boolean().optional(),
+  config: z.record(z.unknown()).default({}),
+});
+
 const TemplateEnvEntrySchema = z.object({
   name: z.string().min(1),
   description: z.string().optional(),
@@ -132,7 +140,17 @@ const ProjectSpecSchema = z.object({
   servers: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
 });
 
+const McpTokenSpecSchema = z.object({
+  name: z.string().min(1).max(100).regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/),
+  project: z.string().min(1),
+  description: z.string().default(''),
+  expiresAt: z.union([z.string().datetime(), z.null()]).optional(),
+  rbacMode: z.enum(['empty', 'clone']).default('empty'),
+  bindings: z.array(RbacRoleBindingSchema).default([]),
+});
+
 const ApplyConfigSchema = z.object({
+  secretbackends: z.array(SecretBackendSpecSchema).default([]),
   secrets: z.array(SecretSpecSchema).default([]),
   servers: z.array(ServerSpecSchema).default([]),
   users: z.array(UserSpecSchema).default([]),
@@ -143,6 +161,7 @@ const ApplyConfigSchema = z.object({
   rbacBindings: z.array(RbacBindingSpecSchema).default([]),
   rbac: z.array(RbacBindingSpecSchema).default([]),
   prompts: z.array(PromptSpecSchema).default([]),
+  mcptokens: z.array(McpTokenSpecSchema).default([]),
 }).transform((data) => ({
   ...data,
   // Merge rbac into rbacBindings so both keys work
@@ -173,6 +192,7 @@ export function createApplyCommand(deps: ApplyCommandDeps): Command {
 
       if (opts.dryRun) {
         log('Dry run - would apply:');
+        if (config.secretbackends.length > 0) log(`  ${config.secretbackends.length} secretbackend(s)`);
         if (config.secrets.length > 0) log(`  ${config.secrets.length} secret(s)`);
         if (config.servers.length > 0) log(`  ${config.servers.length} server(s)`);
         if (config.users.length > 0) log(`  ${config.users.length} user(s)`);
@@ -182,6 +202,7 @@ export function createApplyCommand(deps: ApplyCommandDeps): Command {
         if (config.serverattachments.length > 0) log(`  ${config.serverattachments.length} serverattachment(s)`);
         if (config.rbacBindings.length > 0) log(`  ${config.rbacBindings.length} rbacBinding(s)`);
         if (config.prompts.length > 0) log(`  ${config.prompts.length} prompt(s)`);
+        if (config.mcptokens.length > 0) log(`  ${config.mcptokens.length} mcptoken(s)`);
         return;
       }
 
@@ -217,6 +238,8 @@ const KIND_TO_RESOURCE: Record<string, string> = {
   prompt: 'prompts',
   promptrequest: 'promptrequests',
   serverattachment: 'serverattachments',
+  mcptoken: 'mcptokens',
+  secretbackend: 'secretbackends',
 };
 
 /**
@@ -312,6 +335,30 @@ async function applyConfig(client: ApiClient, config: ApplyConfig, log: (...args
     }
   }
 
+  // Apply secret backends first — secrets reference them.
+  // When multiple backends claim isDefault: true, the server's atomic swap will
+  // leave whichever was applied last as the effective default.
+  for (const sb of config.secretbackends) {
+    try {
+      const existing = await cachedFindByName('secretbackends', sb.name);
+      if (existing) {
+        const updateBody: Record<string, unknown> = {
+          config: sb.config,
+          description: sb.description,
+        };
+        if (sb.isDefault !== undefined) updateBody.isDefault = sb.isDefault;
+        await withRetry(() => client.put(`/api/v1/secretbackends/${existing.id}`, updateBody));
+        log(`Updated secretbackend: ${sb.name}`);
+      } else {
+        await withRetry(() => client.post('/api/v1/secretbackends', sb));
+        invalidateCache('secretbackends');
+        log(`Created secretbackend: ${sb.name}`);
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      log(`Error applying secretbackend '${sb.name}': ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : err}`);
+    }
+  }
+
   // Apply secrets
   for (const secret of config.secrets) {
     try {
@@ -529,6 +576,46 @@ async function applyConfig(client: ApiClient, config: ApplyConfig, log: (...args
       log(`Error applying prompt '${prompt.name}': ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : err}`);
     }
   }
+
+  // --- McpTokens ---
+  // Apply semantics: tokens are immutable (their secret is minted once). If an
+  // active token with the same name+project already exists we skip, logging the
+  // state. Otherwise we create and log the raw token (shown exactly once).
+  for (const tok of config.mcptokens) {
+    try {
+      const proj = await cachedFindByName('projects', tok.project);
+      if (!proj) {
+        log(`Error applying mcptoken '${tok.name}': project '${tok.project}' not found`);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Check if an active one already exists
+      const existing = await client
+        .get<Array<{ id: string; name: string; status: string }>>(`/api/v1/mcptokens?projectName=${encodeURIComponent(tok.project)}`)
+        .catch(() => []);
+      const active = existing.find((t) => t.name === tok.name && t.status === 'active');
+      if (active) {
+        log(`mcptoken '${tok.name}' already active in project '${tok.project}' — skipped (tokens are immutable)`);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const body: Record<string, unknown> = {
+        name: tok.name,
+        projectId: proj.id,
+        description: tok.description,
+        rbacMode: tok.rbacMode,
+        bindings: tok.bindings,
+      };
+      if (tok.expiresAt !== undefined) body.expiresAt = tok.expiresAt;
+
+      const created = await withRetry(() => client.post<{ id: string; name: string; token: string }>('/api/v1/mcptokens', body));
+      log(`Created mcptoken: ${tok.name} (project: ${tok.project})`);
+      log(`  token: ${created.token}`);
+      log('  (raw token shown once — copy it now)');
+    } catch (err) {
+      log(`Error applying mcptoken '${tok.name}': ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : err}`);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 async function findByField<T extends string>(client: ApiClient, resource: string, field: T, value: string): Promise<unknown | null> {

src/cli/src/commands/console/audit-types.ts

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ export interface AuditEvent {
   serverName: string | null;
   correlationId: string | null;
   parentEventId: string | null;
+  userName?: string | null;
+  tokenName?: string | null;
+  tokenSha?: string | null;
   payload: Record<string, unknown>;
 }
 

src/cli/src/commands/create.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { Command } from 'commander';
 import { type ApiClient, ApiError } from '../api-client.js';
 import { resolveNameOrId } from './shared.js';
+import { parseRoleBinding } from './rbac-bindings.js';
 export interface CreateCommandDeps {
   client: ApiClient;
   log: (...args: unknown[]) => void;
@@ -10,6 +11,37 @@ function collect(value: string, prev: string[]): string[] {
   return [...prev, value];
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a `--ttl` value.
+ *
+ * - `"never"` → null (no expiry)
+ * - `"30d"`, `"12h"`, `"2w"`, `"90m"`, `"60s"` → ISO8601 string relative to now
+ * - An ISO8601 datetime → returned as-is
+ */
+function parseTtl(value: string): string | null {
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+  if (trimmed.toLowerCase() === 'never') return null;
+  const match = trimmed.match(/^(\d+)([smhdw])$/i);
+  if (match) {
+    const amount = Number(match[1]);
+    const unit = match[2]!.toLowerCase();
+    const multipliers: Record<string, number> = {
+      s: 1000,
+      m: 60 * 1000,
+      h: 3600 * 1000,
+      d: 86400 * 1000,
+      w: 7 * 86400 * 1000,
+    };
+    return new Date(Date.now() + amount * multipliers[unit]!).toISOString();
+  }
+  // Try to parse as ISO8601
+  const parsed = new Date(trimmed);
+  if (isNaN(parsed.getTime())) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid --ttl '${value}'. Expected 'never', a duration like '30d' / '12h', or an ISO8601 datetime.`);
+  }
+  return parsed.toISOString();
+}
+
 interface ServerEnvEntry {
   name: string;
   value?: string;
@@ -56,7 +88,7 @@ export function createCreateCommand(deps: CreateCommandDeps): Command {
   const { client, log } = deps;
 
   const cmd = new Command('create')
-    .description('Create a resource (server, secret, project, user, group, rbac, serverattachment, prompt)');
+    .description('Create a resource (server, secret, secretbackend, project, user, group, rbac, serverattachment, prompt)');
 
   // --- create server ---
   cmd.command('server')
@@ -220,6 +252,70 @@ export function createCreateCommand(deps: CreateCommandDeps): Command {
       }
     });
 
+  // --- create secretbackend ---
+  cmd.command('secretbackend')
+    .alias('sb')
+    .description('Create a secret backend (plaintext, openbao)')
+    .argument('<name>', 'Backend name (lowercase, hyphens allowed)')
+    .requiredOption('--type <type>', 'Backend type (plaintext, openbao)')
+    .option('--description <text>', 'Description')
+    .option('--default', 'Promote this backend to default (atomically demotes the current one)')
+    .option('--url <url>', 'openbao: vault URL (e.g. http://bao.example:8200)')
+    .option('--namespace <ns>', 'openbao: X-Vault-Namespace header value')
+    .option('--mount <mount>', 'openbao: KV v2 mount point (default: secret)')
+    .option('--path-prefix <prefix>', 'openbao: path prefix under mount (default: mcpctl)')
+    .option('--token-secret <ref>', 'openbao: token secret reference in SECRET/KEY form (e.g. bao-creds/token)')
+    .option('--config <entry>', 'Extra config as key=value (repeat for multiple)', collect, [])
+    .option('--force', 'Update if already exists')
+    .action(async (name: string, opts) => {
+      const type = opts.type as string;
+      const config: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+
+      if (type === 'openbao') {
+        if (!opts.url) throw new Error('--url is required for openbao backend');
+        if (!opts.tokenSecret) throw new Error('--token-secret is required for openbao backend (format: SECRET/KEY)');
+        const slashIdx = (opts.tokenSecret as string).indexOf('/');
+        if (slashIdx < 1) throw new Error(`Invalid --token-secret '${opts.tokenSecret as string}'. Expected SECRET_NAME/KEY_NAME`);
+        config.url = opts.url;
+        config.tokenSecretRef = {
+          name: (opts.tokenSecret as string).slice(0, slashIdx),
+          key: (opts.tokenSecret as string).slice(slashIdx + 1),
+        };
+        if (opts.namespace) config.namespace = opts.namespace;
+        if (opts.mount) config.mount = opts.mount;
+        if (opts.pathPrefix) config.pathPrefix = opts.pathPrefix;
+      }
+
+      // Extra config key=value pairs (overwrite/extend above)
+      for (const entry of opts.config as string[]) {
+        const eqIdx = entry.indexOf('=');
+        if (eqIdx === -1) throw new Error(`Invalid --config '${entry}'. Expected key=value`);
+        config[entry.slice(0, eqIdx)] = entry.slice(eqIdx + 1);
+      }
+
+      const body: Record<string, unknown> = { name, type, config };
+      if (opts.description !== undefined) body.description = opts.description;
+      if (opts.default) body.isDefault = true;
+
+      try {
+        const row = await client.post<{ id: string; name: string }>('/api/v1/secretbackends', body);
+        log(`secretbackend '${row.name}' created (id: ${row.id})`);
+        if (opts.default) log(`  promoted to default backend`);
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (err instanceof ApiError && err.status === 409 && opts.force) {
+          const existing = (await client.get<Array<{ id: string; name: string }>>('/api/v1/secretbackends')).find((b) => b.name === name);
+          if (!existing) throw err;
+          const updateBody: Record<string, unknown> = { config };
+          if (opts.description !== undefined) updateBody.description = opts.description;
+          if (opts.default) updateBody.isDefault = true;
+          await client.put(`/api/v1/secretbackends/${existing.id}`, updateBody);
+          log(`secretbackend '${name}' updated (id: ${existing.id})`);
+        } else {
+          throw err;
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
   // --- create project ---
   cmd.command('project')
     .description('Create a project')
@@ -331,8 +427,12 @@ export function createCreateCommand(deps: CreateCommandDeps): Command {
     .description('Create an RBAC binding definition')
     .argument('<name>', 'RBAC binding name')
     .option('--subject <entry>', 'Subject as Kind:name (repeat for multiple)', collect, [])
-    .option('--binding <entry>', 'Role binding as role:resource (e.g. edit:servers, run:projects)', collect, [])
-    .option('--operation <action>', 'Operation binding (e.g. logs, backup)', collect, [])
+    .option(
+      '--roleBindings <entry>',
+      'Role binding as key:value pairs, e.g. "role:view,resource:servers" or "role:view,resource:servers,name:my-ha" or "action:logs" (repeat for multiple)',
+      collect,
+      [],
+    )
     .option('--force', 'Update if already exists')
     .action(async (name: string, opts) => {
       const subjects = (opts.subject as string[]).map((entry: string) => {
@@ -343,24 +443,7 @@ export function createCreateCommand(deps: CreateCommandDeps): Command {
         return { kind: entry.slice(0, colonIdx), name: entry.slice(colonIdx + 1) };
       });
 
-      const roleBindings: Array<Record<string, string>> = [];
-
-      // Resource bindings from --binding flag (role:resource or role:resource:name)
-      for (const entry of opts.binding as string[]) {
-        const parts = entry.split(':');
-        if (parts.length === 2) {
-          roleBindings.push({ role: parts[0]!, resource: parts[1]! });
-        } else if (parts.length === 3) {
-          roleBindings.push({ role: parts[0]!, resource: parts[1]!, name: parts[2]! });
-        } else {
-          throw new Error(`Invalid binding format '${entry}'. Expected role:resource or role:resource:name (e.g. edit:servers, view:servers:my-ha)`);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Operation bindings from --operation flag
-      for (const action of opts.operation as string[]) {
-        roleBindings.push({ role: 'run', action });
-      }
+      const roleBindings = (opts.roleBindings as string[]).map((entry: string) => parseRoleBinding(entry));
 
       const body: Record<string, unknown> = {
         name,
@@ -384,6 +467,83 @@ export function createCreateCommand(deps: CreateCommandDeps): Command {
       }
     });
 
+  // --- create mcptoken ---
+  cmd.command('mcptoken')
+    .description('Create a project-scoped API token for HTTP-mode mcplocal. The raw token is printed once.')
+    .argument('<name>', 'Token name (unique within a project)')
+    .requiredOption('-p, --project <name>', 'Project this token is bound to')
+    .option('--rbac <mode>', "Base RBAC: 'empty' (default, no bindings) or 'clone' (snapshot creator's perms)", 'empty')
+    .option(
+      '--bind <entry>',
+      'Additional role binding as key:value pairs, e.g. "role:view,resource:servers" or "action:logs" (repeat for multiple). Creator perms are the ceiling.',
+      collect,
+      [],
+    )
+    .option('--ttl <duration>', "Expiry: '30d', '12h', 'never', or an ISO8601 datetime")
+    .option('--description <text>', 'Freeform description')
+    .option('--force', 'Revoke any existing active token with this name, then create a new one')
+    .action(async (name: string, opts) => {
+      // Resolve project name → id (mcpd's create route accepts either, but resolve client-side for clearer errors)
+      const projectId = await resolveNameOrId(client, 'projects', opts.project as string);
+
+      const bindings = (opts.bind as string[]).map((entry: string) => parseRoleBinding(entry));
+
+      const rbacMode = (opts.rbac as string).toLowerCase();
+      if (rbacMode !== 'empty' && rbacMode !== 'clone') {
+        throw new Error(`--rbac must be 'empty' or 'clone' (got '${opts.rbac as string}')`);
+      }
+
+      let expiresAt: string | null | undefined;
+      if (opts.ttl !== undefined) {
+        expiresAt = parseTtl(opts.ttl as string);
+      }
+
+      const body: Record<string, unknown> = {
+        name,
+        projectId,
+        rbacMode,
+        bindings,
+      };
+      if (expiresAt !== undefined) body.expiresAt = expiresAt;
+      if (opts.description !== undefined) body.description = opts.description;
+
+      type Created = {
+        id: string;
+        name: string;
+        projectName: string;
+        tokenPrefix: string;
+        token: string;
+        expiresAt: string | null;
+      };
+
+      const doCreate = async (): Promise<Created> => client.post<Created>('/api/v1/mcptokens', body);
+
+      let created: Created;
+      try {
+        created = await doCreate();
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (err instanceof ApiError && err.status === 409 && opts.force) {
+          // Find the existing active token by name+project and revoke it, then retry.
+          const existing = (await client.get<Array<{ id: string; name: string }>>(
+            `/api/v1/mcptokens?projectName=${encodeURIComponent(opts.project as string)}`,
+          )).find((r) => r.name === name);
+          if (!existing) throw err;
+          await client.post(`/api/v1/mcptokens/${existing.id}/revoke`, {});
+          created = await doCreate();
+        } else {
+          throw err;
+        }
+      }
+
+      log(`mcptoken '${created.name}' created (project: ${created.projectName}, id: ${created.id})`);
+      log('');
+      log('Copy this token now — it will NOT be shown again:');
+      log('');
+      log(`  ${created.token}`);
+      log('');
+      log(`Export it with:  export MCPCTL_TOKEN=${created.token}`);
+    });
+
   // --- create prompt ---
   cmd.command('prompt')
     .description('Create an approved prompt')

src/cli/src/commands/delete.ts

@@ -29,6 +29,27 @@ export function createDeleteCommand(deps: DeleteCommandDeps): Command {
         return;
       }
 
+      // Mcptokens: names are scoped to a project, so require --project unless the caller passes a CUID
+      if (resource === 'mcptokens') {
+        let tokenId: string;
+        if (/^c[a-z0-9]{24}/.test(idOrName)) {
+          tokenId = idOrName;
+        } else {
+          if (!opts.project) {
+            throw new Error('--project is required to delete an mcptoken by name (or pass the id).');
+          }
+          const items = await client.get<Array<{ id: string; name: string }>>(
+            `/api/v1/mcptokens?projectName=${encodeURIComponent(opts.project)}`,
+          );
+          const match = items.find((i) => i.name === idOrName);
+          if (!match) throw new Error(`mcptoken '${idOrName}' not found in project '${opts.project}'`);
+          tokenId = match.id;
+        }
+        await client.delete(`/api/v1/mcptokens/${tokenId}`);
+        log(`mcptoken '${idOrName}' deleted.`);
+        return;
+      }
+
       // Resolve name → ID for any resource type
       let id: string;
       try {

src/cli/src/commands/describe.ts

@@ -218,6 +218,37 @@ function formatSecretDetail(secret: Record<string, unknown>, showValues: boolean
   return lines.join('\n');
 }
 
+function formatSecretBackendDetail(backend: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  const lines: string[] = [];
+  lines.push(`=== SecretBackend: ${backend.name} ===`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Name:')}${backend.name}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Type:')}${backend.type}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Default:')}${backend.isDefault ? 'yes' : 'no'}`);
+  if (backend.description) lines.push(`${pad('Description:')}${backend.description}`);
+
+  const config = backend.config as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+  if (config && Object.keys(config).length > 0) {
+    lines.push('');
+    lines.push('Config:');
+    const keyW = Math.max(6, ...Object.keys(config).map((k) => k.length)) + 2;
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(config)) {
+      let display: string;
+      if (value === null || value === undefined) display = '-';
+      else if (typeof value === 'object') display = JSON.stringify(value);
+      else display = String(value);
+      lines.push(`  ${key.padEnd(keyW)}${display}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  lines.push('');
+  lines.push('Metadata:');
+  lines.push(`  ${pad('ID:', 12)}${backend.id}`);
+  if (backend.createdAt) lines.push(`  ${pad('Created:', 12)}${backend.createdAt}`);
+  if (backend.updatedAt) lines.push(`  ${pad('Updated:', 12)}${backend.updatedAt}`);
+
+  return lines.join('\n');
+}
+
 function formatTemplateDetail(template: Record<string, unknown>): string {
   const lines: string[] = [];
   lines.push(`=== Template: ${template.name} ===`);
@@ -503,6 +534,42 @@ function formatRbacDetail(rbac: Record<string, unknown>): string {
   return lines.join('\n');
 }
 
+function formatMcpTokenDetail(token: Record<string, unknown>, allRbac: RbacDef[]): string {
+  const lines: string[] = [];
+  lines.push(`=== McpToken: ${token.name} ===`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Name:')}${token.name}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Project:')}${token.projectName ?? token.projectId ?? '-'}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Status:')}${token.status ?? '-'}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Prefix:')}${token.tokenPrefix ?? '-'}`);
+  if (token.description) lines.push(`${pad('Description:')}${token.description}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Owner:')}${token.ownerEmail ?? token.ownerId ?? '-'}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Created:')}${token.createdAt ?? '-'}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Last Used:')}${token.lastUsedAt ?? 'never'}`);
+  lines.push(`${pad('Expires:')}${token.expiresAt ?? 'never'}`);
+  if (token.revokedAt) lines.push(`${pad('Revoked At:')}${token.revokedAt}`);
+
+  // Find the auto-created RbacDefinition (subject McpToken:<sha>) to surface bindings.
+  // We don't know the sha from the describe response — match by convention: name 'mcptoken-<id>'.
+  const rbacDef = allRbac.find((r) => r.name === `mcptoken-${token.id as string}`);
+  if (rbacDef && Array.isArray(rbacDef.roleBindings) && rbacDef.roleBindings.length > 0) {
+    lines.push('');
+    lines.push('Bindings:');
+    for (const b of rbacDef.roleBindings as Array<{ role: string; resource?: string; action?: string; name?: string }>) {
+      if (b.action !== undefined) {
+        lines.push(`  run ${b.action}`);
+      } else if (b.resource !== undefined) {
+        lines.push(`  ${b.role} ${b.resource}${b.name !== undefined ? `/${b.name}` : ''}`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  lines.push('');
+  lines.push('Metadata:');
+  lines.push(`  ${pad('ID:', 12)}${token.id}`);
+
+  return lines.join('\n');
+}
+
 async function formatPromptDetail(prompt: Record<string, unknown>, client?: ApiClient): Promise<string> {
   const lines: string[] = [];
   lines.push(`=== Prompt: ${prompt.name} ===`);
@@ -770,6 +837,9 @@ export function createDescribeCommand(deps: DescribeCommandDeps): Command {
           case 'templates':
             deps.log(formatTemplateDetail(item));
             break;
+          case 'secretbackends':
+            deps.log(formatSecretBackendDetail(item));
+            break;
           case 'projects': {
             const projectPrompts = await deps.client
               .get<Array<{ name: string; priority: number; linkTarget: string | null }>>(`/api/v1/prompts?projectId=${item.id as string}`)
@@ -801,6 +871,14 @@ export function createDescribeCommand(deps: DescribeCommandDeps): Command {
           case 'prompts':
             deps.log(await formatPromptDetail(item, deps.client));
             break;
+          case 'mcptokens': {
+            // Fetch the auto-created RbacDefinition (if any) so bindings are visible in describe.
+            const rbacForToken = await deps.client
+              .get<RbacDef[]>('/api/v1/rbac')
+              .catch(() => [] as RbacDef[]);
+            deps.log(formatMcpTokenDetail(item, rbacForToken));
+            break;
+          }
           default:
             deps.log(formatGenericDetail(item));
         }

src/cli/src/commands/get.ts

@@ -119,6 +119,44 @@ const rbacColumns: Column<RbacRow>[] = [
   { header: 'ID', key: 'id' },
 ];
 
+interface SecretBackendRow {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  type: string;
+  isDefault: boolean;
+  description: string;
+  config?: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+const secretBackendColumns: Column<SecretBackendRow>[] = [
+  { header: 'NAME', key: 'name' },
+  { header: 'TYPE', key: 'type', width: 14 },
+  { header: 'DEFAULT', key: (r) => r.isDefault ? '*' : '', width: 8 },
+  { header: 'DESCRIPTION', key: (r) => r.description || '-', width: 30 },
+  { header: 'ID', key: 'id' },
+];
+
+interface McpTokenRow {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  projectName: string;
+  tokenPrefix: string;
+  createdAt: string;
+  lastUsedAt: string | null;
+  expiresAt: string | null;
+  status: 'active' | 'revoked' | 'expired';
+}
+
+const mcpTokenColumns: Column<McpTokenRow>[] = [
+  { header: 'NAME', key: 'name', width: 24 },
+  { header: 'PROJECT', key: 'projectName', width: 20 },
+  { header: 'PREFIX', key: 'tokenPrefix', width: 18 },
+  { header: 'CREATED', key: (r) => new Date(r.createdAt).toLocaleString(), width: 20 },
+  { header: 'LAST USED', key: (r) => r.lastUsedAt ? new Date(r.lastUsedAt).toLocaleString() : '-', width: 20 },
+  { header: 'EXPIRES', key: (r) => r.expiresAt ? new Date(r.expiresAt).toLocaleString() : 'never', width: 20 },
+  { header: 'STATUS', key: 'status', width: 10 },
+];
+
 const secretColumns: Column<SecretRow>[] = [
   { header: 'NAME', key: 'name' },
   { header: 'KEYS', key: (r) => Object.keys(r.data).join(', ') || '-', width: 40 },
@@ -242,6 +280,10 @@ function getColumnsForResource(resource: string): Column<Record<string, unknown>
       return serverAttachmentColumns as unknown as Column<Record<string, unknown>>[];
     case 'proxymodels':
       return proxymodelColumns as unknown as Column<Record<string, unknown>>[];
+    case 'mcptokens':
+      return mcpTokenColumns as unknown as Column<Record<string, unknown>>[];
+    case 'secretbackends':
+      return secretBackendColumns as unknown as Column<Record<string, unknown>>[];
     default:
       return [
         { header: 'ID', key: 'id' as keyof Record<string, unknown> },
@@ -263,6 +305,8 @@ const RESOURCE_KIND: Record<string, string> = {
   prompts: 'prompt',
   promptrequests: 'promptrequest',
   serverattachments: 'serverattachment',
+  mcptokens: 'mcptoken',
+  secretbackends: 'secretbackend',
 };
 
 /**

src/cli/src/commands/migrate.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { Command } from 'commander';
+import type { ApiClient } from '../api-client.js';
+
+export interface MigrateCommandDeps {
+  client: ApiClient;
+  log: (...args: unknown[]) => void;
+}
+
+interface MigrateResult {
+  migrated: Array<{ name: string }>;
+  skipped: Array<{ name: string; reason: string }>;
+  failed: Array<{ name: string; error: string }>;
+}
+
+interface DryRunResult {
+  dryRun: true;
+  candidates: Array<{ id: string; name: string }>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Top-level `mcpctl migrate <subcommand>` verb.
+ *
+ * Today only `secrets` is implemented (SecretBackend → SecretBackend move),
+ * but the command is structured so new migrations can slot in.
+ *
+ * Per-secret atomicity is handled server-side — if this command is interrupted
+ * mid-run, re-running is idempotent (skips secrets already on the destination).
+ */
+export function createMigrateCommand(deps: MigrateCommandDeps): Command {
+  const { client, log } = deps;
+
+  const cmd = new Command('migrate')
+    .description('Move resources between backends (currently: secrets between SecretBackends)');
+
+  cmd.command('secrets')
+    .description('Migrate secrets from one SecretBackend to another')
+    .requiredOption('--from <name>', 'Source SecretBackend name')
+    .requiredOption('--to <name>', 'Destination SecretBackend name')
+    .option('--names <csv>', 'Comma-separated secret names (default: all)')
+    .option('--keep-source', 'Leave the source copy intact (default: delete from source after write+commit)')
+    .option('--dry-run', 'Show which secrets would be migrated without touching them')
+    .action(async (opts) => {
+      const body: Record<string, unknown> = { from: opts.from, to: opts.to };
+      if (opts.names) body.names = (opts.names as string).split(',').map((s) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+      if (opts.keepSource) body.keepSource = true;
+      if (opts.dryRun) body.dryRun = true;
+
+      if (opts.dryRun) {
+        const res = await client.post<DryRunResult>('/api/v1/secrets/migrate', body);
+        if (res.candidates.length === 0) {
+          log(`No secrets to migrate from '${opts.from as string}' to '${opts.to as string}'.`);
+          return;
+        }
+        log(`Dry run — ${String(res.candidates.length)} secret(s) would be migrated from '${opts.from as string}' → '${opts.to as string}':`);
+        for (const c of res.candidates) log(`  - ${c.name}`);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const res = await client.post<MigrateResult>('/api/v1/secrets/migrate', body);
+
+      if (res.migrated.length > 0) {
+        log(`Migrated ${String(res.migrated.length)} secret(s) from '${opts.from as string}' → '${opts.to as string}':`);
+        for (const m of res.migrated) log(`  ✓ ${m.name}`);
+      }
+      if (res.skipped.length > 0) {
+        log(`Skipped ${String(res.skipped.length)}:`);
+        for (const s of res.skipped) log(`  - ${s.name}: ${s.reason}`);
+      }
+      if (res.failed.length > 0) {
+        log(`Failed ${String(res.failed.length)}:`);
+        for (const f of res.failed) log(`  ✗ ${f.name}: ${f.error}`);
+        process.exitCode = 1;
+      }
+      if (res.migrated.length === 0 && res.skipped.length === 0 && res.failed.length === 0) {
+        log(`No secrets to migrate from '${opts.from as string}' to '${opts.to as string}'.`);
+      }
+    });
+
+  return cmd;
+}

src/cli/src/commands/rbac-bindings.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/**
+ * Parse one `--roleBindings <kv>` entry into a role-binding object the API accepts.
+ *
+ * Accepted forms:
+ *   role:view,resource:servers                       → resource binding (unscoped)
+ *   role:view,resource:servers,name:my-ha            → resource binding (name-scoped)
+ *   action:logs                                       → operation binding (role:run is implied)
+ *
+ * Whitespace around keys/values is trimmed. Keys must be one of: role, resource, name, action.
+ */
+export type RoleBindingEntry =
+  | { role: string; resource: string; name?: string }
+  | { role: 'run'; action: string };
+
+export function parseRoleBinding(entry: string): RoleBindingEntry {
+  const pairs: Record<string, string> = {};
+  for (const part of entry.split(',')) {
+    const colonIdx = part.indexOf(':');
+    if (colonIdx === -1) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid roleBindings entry '${entry}': expected key:value pairs separated by commas`);
+    }
+    const key = part.slice(0, colonIdx).trim();
+    const value = part.slice(colonIdx + 1).trim();
+    if (!key || !value) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid roleBindings entry '${entry}': empty key or value`);
+    }
+    if (!['role', 'resource', 'name', 'action'].includes(key)) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid roleBindings key '${key}' in '${entry}': expected one of role, resource, name, action`);
+    }
+    pairs[key] = value;
+  }
+
+  // Operation binding: presence of `action:` implies role:run
+  if (pairs['action'] !== undefined) {
+    if (pairs['resource'] !== undefined || pairs['name'] !== undefined) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid roleBindings entry '${entry}': 'action' cannot be combined with 'resource' or 'name'`);
+    }
+    return { role: 'run', action: pairs['action'] };
+  }
+
+  // Resource binding
+  if (pairs['role'] === undefined || pairs['resource'] === undefined) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid roleBindings entry '${entry}': need either 'action:…' or both 'role:…,resource:…'`);
+  }
+  if (pairs['name'] !== undefined) {
+    return { role: pairs['role'], resource: pairs['resource'], name: pairs['name'] };
+  }
+  return { role: pairs['role'], resource: pairs['resource'] };
+}

src/cli/src/commands/shared.ts

@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ export const RESOURCE_ALIASES: Record<string, string> = {
   proxymodel: 'proxymodels',
   proxymodels: 'proxymodels',
   pm: 'proxymodels',
+  mcptoken: 'mcptokens',
+  mcptokens: 'mcptokens',
+  token: 'mcptokens',
+  tokens: 'mcptokens',
+  secretbackend: 'secretbackends',
+  secretbackends: 'secretbackends',
+  sb: 'secretbackends',
   all: 'all',
 };
 
@@ -72,6 +79,21 @@ export function stripInternalFields(obj: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string
     delete result[key];
   }
 
+  // McpToken-specific: promote projectName → project; drop secret/derived fields
+  if ('tokenHash' in result || 'tokenPrefix' in result) {
+    delete result.tokenHash;
+    delete result.tokenPrefix;
+    delete result.lastUsedAt;
+    delete result.revokedAt;
+    delete result.status;
+    delete result.ownerEmail;
+    if (typeof result.projectName === 'string') {
+      result.project = result.projectName;
+      delete result.projectName;
+      delete result.projectId;
+    }
+  }
+
   // Rename linkTarget → link for cleaner YAML
   if ('linkTarget' in result) {
     result.link = result.linkTarget;

src/cli/src/commands/status.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 import { Command } from 'commander';
 import http from 'node:http';
+import https from 'node:https';
+
+/** Pick the http or https driver based on the URL scheme. */
+function httpDriverFor(url: string): typeof http | typeof https {
+  return new URL(url).protocol === 'https:' ? https : http;
+}
 import { loadConfig } from '../config/index.js';
 import type { ConfigLoaderDeps } from '../config/index.js';
 import { loadCredentials } from '../auth/index.js';
@@ -45,10 +51,16 @@ export interface StatusCommandDeps {
 
 function defaultCheckHealth(url: string): Promise<boolean> {
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
-    const req = http.get(`${url}/health`, { timeout: 3000 }, (res) => {
-      resolve(res.statusCode !== undefined && res.statusCode >= 200 && res.statusCode < 400);
-      res.resume();
-    });
+    let req: http.ClientRequest;
+    try {
+      req = httpDriverFor(url).get(`${url}/health`, { timeout: 3000 }, (res) => {
+        resolve(res.statusCode !== undefined && res.statusCode >= 200 && res.statusCode < 400);
+        res.resume();
+      });
+    } catch {
+      resolve(false);
+      return;
+    }
     req.on('error', () => resolve(false));
     req.on('timeout', () => {
       req.destroy();
@@ -63,26 +75,32 @@ function defaultCheckHealth(url: string): Promise<boolean> {
  */
 function defaultCheckLlm(mcplocalUrl: string): Promise<string> {
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
-    const req = http.get(`${mcplocalUrl}/llm/health`, { timeout: 45000 }, (res) => {
-      const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
-      res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
-      res.on('end', () => {
-        try {
-          const body = JSON.parse(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf-8')) as { status: string; error?: string };
-          if (body.status === 'ok') {
-            resolve('ok');
-          } else if (body.status === 'not configured') {
-            resolve('not configured');
-          } else if (body.error) {
-            resolve(body.error.slice(0, 80));
-          } else {
-            resolve(body.status);
+    let req: http.ClientRequest;
+    try {
+      req = httpDriverFor(mcplocalUrl).get(`${mcplocalUrl}/llm/health`, { timeout: 45000 }, (res) => {
+        const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
+        res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          try {
+            const body = JSON.parse(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf-8')) as { status: string; error?: string };
+            if (body.status === 'ok') {
+              resolve('ok');
+            } else if (body.status === 'not configured') {
+              resolve('not configured');
+            } else if (body.error) {
+              resolve(body.error.slice(0, 80));
+            } else {
+              resolve(body.status);
+            }
+          } catch {
+            resolve('invalid response');
           }
-        } catch {
-          resolve('invalid response');
-        }
+        });
       });
-    });
+    } catch {
+      resolve('mcplocal unreachable');
+      return;
+    }
     req.on('error', () => resolve('mcplocal unreachable'));
     req.on('timeout', () => { req.destroy(); resolve('timeout'); });
   });
@@ -90,18 +108,24 @@ function defaultCheckLlm(mcplocalUrl: string): Promise<string> {
 
 function defaultFetchModels(mcplocalUrl: string): Promise<string[]> {
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
-    const req = http.get(`${mcplocalUrl}/llm/models`, { timeout: 5000 }, (res) => {
-      const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
-      res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
-      res.on('end', () => {
-        try {
-          const body = JSON.parse(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf-8')) as { models?: string[] };
-          resolve(body.models ?? []);
-        } catch {
-          resolve([]);
-        }
+    let req: http.ClientRequest;
+    try {
+      req = httpDriverFor(mcplocalUrl).get(`${mcplocalUrl}/llm/models`, { timeout: 5000 }, (res) => {
+        const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
+        res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          try {
+            const body = JSON.parse(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf-8')) as { models?: string[] };
+            resolve(body.models ?? []);
+          } catch {
+            resolve([]);
+          }
+        });
       });
-    });
+    } catch {
+      resolve([]);
+      return;
+    }
     req.on('error', () => resolve([]));
     req.on('timeout', () => { req.destroy(); resolve([]); });
   });
@@ -109,18 +133,24 @@ function defaultFetchModels(mcplocalUrl: string): Promise<string[]> {
 
 function defaultFetchProviders(mcplocalUrl: string): Promise<ProvidersInfo | null> {
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
-    const req = http.get(`${mcplocalUrl}/llm/providers`, { timeout: 5000 }, (res) => {
-      const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
-      res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
-      res.on('end', () => {
-        try {
-          const body = JSON.parse(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf-8')) as ProvidersInfo;
-          resolve(body);
-        } catch {
-          resolve(null);
-        }
+    let req: http.ClientRequest;
+    try {
+      req = httpDriverFor(mcplocalUrl).get(`${mcplocalUrl}/llm/providers`, { timeout: 5000 }, (res) => {
+        const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
+        res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          try {
+            const body = JSON.parse(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf-8')) as ProvidersInfo;
+            resolve(body);
+          } catch {
+            resolve(null);
+          }
+        });
       });
-    });
+    } catch {
+      resolve(null);
+      return;
+    }
     req.on('error', () => resolve(null));
     req.on('timeout', () => { req.destroy(); resolve(null); });
   });

src/cli/src/commands/test-mcp.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+import { Command } from 'commander';
+import { McpHttpSession, McpProtocolError, McpTransportError, deriveBaseUrl, mcpHealthCheck } from '@mcpctl/shared';
+
+export interface TestMcpCommandDeps {
+  log: (...args: unknown[]) => void;
+  /**
+   * Inject a session factory for testing. The default creates a real `McpHttpSession`.
+   */
+  createSession?: (url: string, opts: { bearer?: string; timeoutMs?: number }) => {
+    initialize(): Promise<unknown>;
+    listTools(): Promise<Array<{ name: string }>>;
+    callTool(name: string, args: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<unknown>;
+    close(): Promise<void>;
+  };
+  healthCheck?: (baseUrl: string) => Promise<boolean>;
+}
+
+export type TestMcpExitCode = 0 | 1 | 2;
+
+export interface TestMcpReport {
+  url: string;
+  health: 'ok' | 'fail' | 'skipped';
+  initialize: 'ok' | 'fail';
+  tools: string[] | null;
+  toolCall?: { name: string; result: unknown; isError?: boolean };
+  missingTools?: string[];
+  exitCode: TestMcpExitCode;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+export function createTestCommand(deps: TestMcpCommandDeps): Command {
+  const { log } = deps;
+  const createSession = deps.createSession ?? ((url, opts) => new McpHttpSession(url, opts));
+  const healthCheck = deps.healthCheck ?? mcpHealthCheck;
+
+  const test = new Command('test').description('Utilities for testing MCP endpoints and config');
+
+  test
+    .command('mcp')
+    .description('Verify a Streamable-HTTP MCP endpoint: health, initialize, tools/list, optionally call a tool.')
+    .argument('<url>', 'Full URL of the MCP endpoint (e.g. https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp)')
+    .option('--token <bearer>', 'Bearer token (also reads $MCPCTL_TOKEN)')
+    .option('--tool <name>', 'Invoke a specific tool after listing')
+    .option('--args <json>', 'JSON-encoded arguments for --tool', '{}')
+    .option('--expect-tools <list>', 'Comma-separated tool names that MUST appear; fails otherwise')
+    .option('--timeout <seconds>', 'Per-request timeout in seconds', '10')
+    .option('-o, --output <format>', 'Output format: text or json', 'text')
+    .option('--no-health', 'Skip the /healthz preflight check')
+    .action(async (url: string, opts: {
+      token?: string;
+      tool?: string;
+      args: string;
+      expectTools?: string;
+      timeout: string;
+      output: string;
+      health: boolean;
+    }) => {
+      const bearer = opts.token ?? process.env.MCPCTL_TOKEN;
+      const timeoutMs = Number(opts.timeout) * 1000;
+      if (!Number.isFinite(timeoutMs) || timeoutMs <= 0) {
+        throw new Error(`--timeout must be a positive number of seconds (got '${opts.timeout}')`);
+      }
+
+      const report: TestMcpReport = {
+        url,
+        health: 'skipped',
+        initialize: 'fail',
+        tools: null,
+        exitCode: 1,
+      };
+
+      // 1. Health preflight
+      if (opts.health !== false) {
+        const baseUrl = deriveBaseUrl(url);
+        const ok = await healthCheck(baseUrl);
+        report.health = ok ? 'ok' : 'fail';
+        if (!ok) {
+          report.error = `healthz preflight failed at ${baseUrl}/healthz`;
+          return emit(report, opts.output, log);
+        }
+      }
+
+      const sessionOpts: { bearer?: string; timeoutMs: number } = { timeoutMs };
+      if (bearer !== undefined) sessionOpts.bearer = bearer;
+      const session = createSession(url, sessionOpts);
+
+      try {
+        // 2. Initialize
+        await session.initialize();
+        report.initialize = 'ok';
+
+        // 3. tools/list
+        const tools = await session.listTools();
+        report.tools = tools.map((t) => t.name);
+
+        // 4. --expect-tools check
+        if (opts.expectTools !== undefined && opts.expectTools.trim() !== '') {
+          const expected = opts.expectTools.split(',').map((s) => s.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+          const missing = expected.filter((name) => !report.tools!.includes(name));
+          if (missing.length > 0) {
+            report.missingTools = missing;
+            report.exitCode = 2;
+            report.error = `Missing tools: ${missing.join(', ')}`;
+            return emit(report, opts.output, log);
+          }
+        }
+
+        // 5. Optional --tool call
+        if (opts.tool !== undefined) {
+          let parsedArgs: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+          try {
+            parsedArgs = JSON.parse(opts.args) as Record<string, unknown>;
+          } catch {
+            throw new Error(`--args must be valid JSON (got '${opts.args}')`);
+          }
+          const result = await session.callTool(opts.tool, parsedArgs);
+          const toolCall: TestMcpReport['toolCall'] = { name: opts.tool, result };
+          if (typeof result === 'object' && result !== null && 'isError' in result) {
+            toolCall.isError = Boolean((result as { isError?: boolean }).isError);
+          }
+          report.toolCall = toolCall;
+          if (toolCall.isError) {
+            report.exitCode = 2;
+            report.error = `Tool '${opts.tool}' returned isError=true`;
+            return emit(report, opts.output, log);
+          }
+        }
+
+        report.exitCode = 0;
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (err instanceof McpProtocolError) {
+          report.exitCode = 1;
+          report.error = `protocol error ${err.code}: ${err.message}`;
+        } else if (err instanceof McpTransportError) {
+          report.exitCode = 1;
+          report.error = `transport error (HTTP ${err.status}): ${err.message}`;
+        } else {
+          report.exitCode = 1;
+          report.error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        }
+      } finally {
+        await session.close().catch(() => { /* best-effort */ });
+      }
+
+      return emit(report, opts.output, log);
+    });
+
+  return test;
+}
+
+function emit(report: TestMcpReport, output: string, log: (...args: unknown[]) => void): void {
+  if (output === 'json') {
+    log(JSON.stringify(report, null, 2));
+  } else {
+    log(`URL:        ${report.url}`);
+    log(`Health:     ${report.health}`);
+    log(`Initialize: ${report.initialize}`);
+    if (report.tools !== null) {
+      log(`Tools (${report.tools.length}): ${report.tools.slice(0, 10).join(', ')}${report.tools.length > 10 ? `, …(+${report.tools.length - 10})` : ''}`);
+    }
+    if (report.missingTools !== undefined) {
+      log(`Missing:    ${report.missingTools.join(', ')}`);
+    }
+    if (report.toolCall !== undefined) {
+      log(`Tool call:  ${report.toolCall.name} → ${report.toolCall.isError ? 'ERROR' : 'ok'}`);
+    }
+    if (report.error !== undefined) {
+      log(`Error:      ${report.error}`);
+    }
+    log(`Result:     ${report.exitCode === 0 ? 'PASS' : report.exitCode === 2 ? 'CONTRACT FAIL' : 'TRANSPORT/AUTH FAIL'}`);
+  }
+
+  if (report.exitCode !== 0) {
+    process.exitCode = report.exitCode;
+  }
+}

src/cli/src/index.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { createDescribeCommand } from './commands/describe.js';
 import { createDeleteCommand } from './commands/delete.js';
 import { createLogsCommand } from './commands/logs.js';
 import { createApplyCommand } from './commands/apply.js';
+import { createTestCommand } from './commands/test-mcp.js';
 import { createCreateCommand } from './commands/create.js';
 import { createEditCommand } from './commands/edit.js';
 import { createBackupCommand } from './commands/backup.js';
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import { createMcpCommand } from './commands/mcp.js';
 import { createPatchCommand } from './commands/patch.js';
 import { createConsoleCommand } from './commands/console/index.js';
 import { createCacheCommand } from './commands/cache.js';
+import { createMigrateCommand } from './commands/migrate.js';
 import { ApiClient, ApiError } from './api-client.js';
 import { loadConfig } from './config/index.js';
 import { loadCredentials } from './auth/index.js';
@@ -99,6 +101,25 @@ export function createProgram(): Command {
       }
     }
 
+    // --project scoping for mcptokens
+    if (!nameOrId && resource === 'mcptokens' && projectName) {
+      return client.get<unknown[]>(`/api/v1/mcptokens?projectName=${encodeURIComponent(projectName)}`);
+    }
+
+    // Name-based lookup for mcptokens: names are unique only within a project
+    if (nameOrId && resource === 'mcptokens' && !/^c[a-z0-9]{24}/.test(nameOrId)) {
+      if (!projectName) {
+        throw new Error('mcptoken names are scoped to a project — pass --project <name> or use the token id (cuid)');
+      }
+      const items = await client.get<Array<{ id: string; name: string }>>(
+        `/api/v1/mcptokens?projectName=${encodeURIComponent(projectName)}`,
+      );
+      const match = items.find((i) => i.name === nameOrId);
+      if (!match) throw new Error(`mcptoken '${nameOrId}' not found in project '${projectName}'`);
+      const item = await client.get(`/api/v1/mcptokens/${match.id}`);
+      return [item];
+    }
+
     if (nameOrId) {
       // Glob pattern — use query param filtering
       if (nameOrId.includes('*')) {
@@ -132,6 +153,19 @@ export function createProgram(): Command {
       return client.get(`/api/v1/${resource}/${match.id as string}`);
     }
 
+    // Mcptokens: names are project-scoped. CUIDs pass straight through.
+    if (resource === 'mcptokens' && !/^c[a-z0-9]{24}/.test(nameOrId)) {
+      if (!projectName) {
+        throw new Error('mcptoken names are scoped to a project — pass --project <name> or use the token id (cuid)');
+      }
+      const items = await client.get<Array<Record<string, unknown>>>(
+        `/api/v1/mcptokens?projectName=${encodeURIComponent(projectName)}`,
+      );
+      const match = items.find((item) => item.name === nameOrId);
+      if (!match) throw new Error(`mcptoken '${nameOrId}' not found in project '${projectName}'`);
+      return client.get(`/api/v1/mcptokens/${match.id as string}`);
+    }
+
     let id: string;
     try {
       id = await resolveNameOrId(client, resource, nameOrId);
@@ -212,6 +246,15 @@ export function createProgram(): Command {
     mcplocalUrl: config.mcplocalUrl,
   }));
 
+  program.addCommand(createTestCommand({
+    log: (...args) => console.log(...args),
+  }));
+
+  program.addCommand(createMigrateCommand({
+    client,
+    log: (...args) => console.log(...args),
+  }));
+
   return program;
 }
 

src/cli/tests/commands/create.test.ts

@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ describe('create command', () => {
         'rbac', 'developers',
         '--subject', 'User:alice@test.com',
         '--subject', 'Group:dev-team',
-        '--binding', 'edit:servers',
-        '--binding', 'view:instances',
+        '--roleBindings', 'role:edit,resource:servers',
+        '--roleBindings', 'role:view,resource:instances',
       ], { from: 'user' });
 
       expect(client.post).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/api/v1/rbac', {
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ describe('create command', () => {
       await cmd.parseAsync([
         'rbac', 'admins',
         '--subject', 'User:admin@test.com',
-        '--binding', 'edit:*',
+        '--roleBindings', 'role:edit,resource:*',
       ], { from: 'user' });
 
       expect(client.post).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/api/v1/rbac', {
@@ -371,18 +371,18 @@ describe('create command', () => {
       ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid subject format');
     });
 
-    it('throws on invalid binding format', async () => {
+    it('throws on invalid roleBindings format', async () => {
       const cmd = createCreateCommand({ client, log });
       await expect(
-        cmd.parseAsync(['rbac', 'bad', '--binding', 'no-colon'], { from: 'user' }),
-      ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid binding format');
+        cmd.parseAsync(['rbac', 'bad', '--roleBindings', 'no-colon'], { from: 'user' }),
+      ).rejects.toThrow(/Invalid roleBindings/);
     });
 
     it('throws on 409 without --force', async () => {
       vi.mocked(client.post).mockRejectedValueOnce(new ApiError(409, '{"error":"RBAC already exists"}'));
       const cmd = createCreateCommand({ client, log });
       await expect(
-        cmd.parseAsync(['rbac', 'developers', '--subject', 'User:a@b.com', '--binding', 'edit:servers'], { from: 'user' }),
+        cmd.parseAsync(['rbac', 'developers', '--subject', 'User:a@b.com', '--roleBindings', 'role:edit,resource:servers'], { from: 'user' }),
       ).rejects.toThrow('API error 409');
     });
 
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ describe('create command', () => {
       await cmd.parseAsync([
         'rbac', 'developers',
         '--subject', 'User:new@test.com',
-        '--binding', 'edit:*',
+        '--roleBindings', 'role:edit,resource:*',
         '--force',
       ], { from: 'user' });
 
@@ -404,15 +404,15 @@ describe('create command', () => {
       expect(output.join('\n')).toContain("rbac 'developers' updated");
     });
 
-    it('creates an RBAC definition with operation bindings', async () => {
+    it('creates an RBAC definition with operation bindings (action:… shorthand)', async () => {
       vi.mocked(client.post).mockResolvedValueOnce({ id: 'rbac-1', name: 'ops' });
       const cmd = createCreateCommand({ client, log });
       await cmd.parseAsync([
         'rbac', 'ops',
         '--subject', 'Group:ops-team',
-        '--binding', 'edit:servers',
-        '--operation', 'logs',
-        '--operation', 'backup',
+        '--roleBindings', 'role:edit,resource:servers',
+        '--roleBindings', 'action:logs',
+        '--roleBindings', 'action:backup',
       ], { from: 'user' });
 
       expect(client.post).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/api/v1/rbac', {
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ describe('create command', () => {
       await cmd.parseAsync([
         'rbac', 'ha-viewer',
         '--subject', 'User:alice@test.com',
-        '--binding', 'view:servers:my-ha',
+        '--roleBindings', 'role:view,resource:servers,name:my-ha',
       ], { from: 'user' });
 
       expect(client.post).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/api/v1/rbac', {

src/cli/tests/commands/rbac-bindings.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { parseRoleBinding } from '../../src/commands/rbac-bindings.js';
+
+describe('parseRoleBinding', () => {
+  it('parses an unscoped resource binding', () => {
+    expect(parseRoleBinding('role:view,resource:servers')).toEqual({
+      role: 'view',
+      resource: 'servers',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('parses a name-scoped resource binding', () => {
+    expect(parseRoleBinding('role:view,resource:servers,name:my-ha')).toEqual({
+      role: 'view',
+      resource: 'servers',
+      name: 'my-ha',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('parses an operation binding via the action shorthand', () => {
+    expect(parseRoleBinding('action:logs')).toEqual({
+      role: 'run',
+      action: 'logs',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('trims whitespace around keys and values', () => {
+    expect(parseRoleBinding('role: edit , resource: * ')).toEqual({
+      role: 'edit',
+      resource: '*',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('rejects a pair with no colon', () => {
+    expect(() => parseRoleBinding('role=view')).toThrow(/key:value pairs/);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects an unknown key', () => {
+    expect(() => parseRoleBinding('role:view,resource:servers,scope:project')).toThrow(/Invalid roleBindings key 'scope'/);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects an empty value', () => {
+    expect(() => parseRoleBinding('role:view,resource:')).toThrow(/empty key or value/);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects action combined with resource/name', () => {
+    expect(() => parseRoleBinding('action:logs,resource:servers')).toThrow(/cannot be combined/);
+  });
+
+  it('requires both role and resource when action is absent', () => {
+    expect(() => parseRoleBinding('role:view')).toThrow(/need either 'action/);
+    expect(() => parseRoleBinding('resource:servers')).toThrow(/need either 'action/);
+  });
+});

src/cli/tests/commands/test-mcp.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { createTestCommand } from '../../src/commands/test-mcp.js';
+
+function makeSession(overrides: Partial<{
+  initialize: () => Promise<unknown>;
+  listTools: () => Promise<Array<{ name: string }>>;
+  callTool: (name: string, args: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<unknown>;
+  close: () => Promise<void>;
+}> = {}) {
+  return {
+    initialize: overrides.initialize ?? vi.fn(async () => ({ protocolVersion: '2024-11-05' })),
+    listTools: overrides.listTools ?? vi.fn(async () => [{ name: 'echo' }, { name: 'search' }]),
+    callTool: overrides.callTool ?? vi.fn(async () => ({ content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'hi' }] })),
+    close: overrides.close ?? vi.fn(async () => { /* no-op */ }),
+  };
+}
+
+describe('mcpctl test mcp', () => {
+  const output: string[] = [];
+  const log = (...args: unknown[]) => {
+    output.push(args.map(String).join(' '));
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    output.length = 0;
+    process.exitCode = 0;
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    process.exitCode = 0;
+  });
+
+  it('exits 0 on happy path (health + initialize + tools/list)', async () => {
+    const session = makeSession();
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => session,
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp'], { from: 'user' });
+    expect(process.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(session.initialize).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(session.listTools).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(output.join('\n')).toContain('Result:     PASS');
+  });
+
+  it('exits 1 when the /healthz preflight fails', async () => {
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => makeSession(),
+      healthCheck: async () => false,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp'], { from: 'user' });
+    expect(process.exitCode).toBe(1);
+    expect(output.join('\n')).toContain('healthz preflight failed');
+  });
+
+  it('exits 2 (contract fail) when --expect-tools are missing', async () => {
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => makeSession({
+        listTools: async () => [{ name: 'echo' }],
+      }),
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(
+      ['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp', '--expect-tools', 'echo,search'],
+      { from: 'user' },
+    );
+    expect(process.exitCode).toBe(2);
+    expect(output.join('\n')).toContain('Missing:    search');
+    expect(output.join('\n')).toContain('CONTRACT FAIL');
+  });
+
+  it('exits 0 when --expect-tools all match', async () => {
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => makeSession({
+        listTools: async () => [{ name: 'echo' }, { name: 'search' }, { name: 'x' }],
+      }),
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(
+      ['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp', '--expect-tools', 'echo,search'],
+      { from: 'user' },
+    );
+    expect(process.exitCode).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('exits 1 on transport/auth failure (initialize throws)', async () => {
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => makeSession({
+        initialize: async () => { throw new Error('HTTP 401: unauthorized'); },
+      }),
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp'], { from: 'user' });
+    expect(process.exitCode).toBe(1);
+    expect(output.join('\n')).toContain('Error:');
+    expect(output.join('\n')).toContain('TRANSPORT/AUTH FAIL');
+  });
+
+  it('invokes --tool with --args and reports isError', async () => {
+    const callTool = vi.fn(async () => ({ content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'oops' }], isError: true }));
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => makeSession({ callTool }),
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(
+      ['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp', '--tool', 'echo', '--args', '{"msg":"hi"}'],
+      { from: 'user' },
+    );
+    expect(callTool).toHaveBeenCalledWith('echo', { msg: 'hi' });
+    expect(process.exitCode).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it('outputs a JSON report with -o json', async () => {
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => makeSession(),
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(
+      ['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp', '-o', 'json'],
+      { from: 'user' },
+    );
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(output.join('\n')) as { exitCode: number; tools: string[] };
+    expect(parsed.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(parsed.tools).toEqual(['echo', 'search']);
+  });
+
+  it('reads $MCPCTL_TOKEN when --token is not given', async () => {
+    let observedBearer: string | undefined;
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: (_url, opts) => {
+        observedBearer = opts.bearer;
+        return makeSession();
+      },
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    const prev = process.env.MCPCTL_TOKEN;
+    process.env.MCPCTL_TOKEN = 'mcpctl_pat_fromenv';
+    try {
+      await cmd.parseAsync(['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp'], { from: 'user' });
+    } finally {
+      if (prev === undefined) delete process.env.MCPCTL_TOKEN;
+      else process.env.MCPCTL_TOKEN = prev;
+    }
+    expect(observedBearer).toBe('mcpctl_pat_fromenv');
+  });
+
+  it('rejects invalid --args as JSON', async () => {
+    const cmd = createTestCommand({
+      log,
+      createSession: () => makeSession(),
+      healthCheck: async () => true,
+    });
+    await cmd.parseAsync(
+      ['mcp', 'https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp', '--tool', 'echo', '--args', 'not-json'],
+      { from: 'user' },
+    );
+    expect(process.exitCode).toBe(1);
+    expect(output.join('\n')).toContain('must be valid JSON');
+  });
+});

src/db/prisma/schema.prisma

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ model User {
   auditLogs          AuditLog[]
   ownedProjects      Project[]
   groupMemberships   GroupMember[]
+  mcpTokens          McpToken[]
 
   @@index([email])
 }
@@ -110,17 +111,48 @@ model McpTemplate {
   @@index([name])
 }
 
+// ── Secret Backends ──
+//
+// Pluggable storage for Secret.data. Default is `plaintext` (data stored in
+// Secret.data JSON). Other drivers (e.g. `openbao`) store only a reference in
+// Secret.externalRef and fetch actual values from the external system at read
+// time. A `plaintext` row is seeded on first startup so the system always has
+// a viable backend; additional backends are user-managed via
+// `mcpctl create secretbackend`.
+
+model SecretBackend {
+  id          String   @id @default(cuid())
+  name        String   @unique
+  type        String                                  // plaintext | openbao | (future: vault, aws-sm, ...)
+  config      Json     @default("{}")                 // type-specific: url, mount, namespace, tokenSecretRef
+  isDefault   Boolean  @default(false)                // exactly one row has isDefault=true
+  description String   @default("")
+  version     Int      @default(1)
+  createdAt   DateTime @default(now())
+  updatedAt   DateTime @updatedAt
+
+  secrets Secret[]
+
+  @@index([name])
+  @@index([isDefault])
+}
+
 // ── Secrets ──
 
 model Secret {
-  id        String   @id @default(cuid())
-  name      String   @unique
-  data      Json     @default("{}")
-  version   Int      @default(1)
-  createdAt DateTime @default(now())
-  updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt
+  id          String   @id @default(cuid())
+  name        String   @unique
+  backendId   String                                  // FK to SecretBackend — dispatches read/write
+  data        Json     @default("{}")                 // populated by plaintext backend only
+  externalRef String   @default("")                   // populated by non-plaintext backends (e.g. "mount/path#v3")
+  version     Int      @default(1)
+  createdAt   DateTime @default(now())
+  updatedAt   DateTime @updatedAt
+
+  backend SecretBackend @relation(fields: [backendId], references: [id])
 
   @@index([name])
+  @@index([backendId])
 }
 
 // ── Groups ──
@@ -187,6 +219,7 @@ model Project {
   servers        ProjectServer[]
   prompts        Prompt[]
   promptRequests PromptRequest[]
+  mcpTokens      McpToken[]
 
   @@index([name])
   @@index([ownerId])
@@ -204,6 +237,36 @@ model ProjectServer {
   @@unique([projectId, serverId])
 }
 
+// ── MCP Tokens (bearer credentials for HTTP-mode mcplocal) ──
+//
+// Raw value format: `mcpctl_pat_<32 base62 chars>`. The raw value is shown
+// exactly once at create time; only the SHA-256 hash is persisted. Tokens are
+// scoped to exactly one project — they're only valid at
+// `/projects/<that-project>/mcp`. Creator's RBAC is the ceiling; the service
+// rejects bindings that exceed what the creator themselves can do.
+
+model McpToken {
+  id          String    @id @default(cuid())
+  name        String
+  projectId   String
+  tokenHash   String    @unique
+  tokenPrefix String
+  ownerId     String
+  description String    @default("")
+  createdAt   DateTime  @default(now())
+  expiresAt   DateTime?
+  lastUsedAt  DateTime?
+  revokedAt   DateTime?
+
+  project Project @relation(fields: [projectId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
+  owner   User    @relation(fields: [ownerId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
+
+  @@unique([name, projectId])
+  @@index([tokenHash])
+  @@index([projectId])
+  @@index([ownerId])
+}
+
 // ── MCP Instances (running containers) ──
 
 model McpInstance {
@@ -288,6 +351,8 @@ model AuditEvent {
   correlationId  String?
   parentEventId  String?
   userName       String?
+  tokenName      String?
+  tokenSha       String?
   payload        Json
   createdAt      DateTime @default(now())
 
@@ -297,6 +362,7 @@ model AuditEvent {
   @@index([timestamp])
   @@index([eventKind])
   @@index([userName])
+  @@index([tokenSha])
 }
 
 // ── Backup Pending Queue ──

src/mcpd/src/bootstrap/secret-backends.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/**
+ * Bootstrap the `plaintext` SecretBackend + backfill existing Secret rows.
+ *
+ * Runs on every mcpd startup. Idempotent:
+ *   - if no SecretBackend exists, create `default` (type `plaintext`, isDefault=true)
+ *   - if any Secret has no backendId (fresh after schema migration), point it at `default`
+ *   - if no backend is currently flagged default, promote `default`
+ *
+ * Safe to run repeatedly; never destroys configuration.
+ */
+import type { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
+
+/** Well-known name for the always-present plaintext backend. */
+export const DEFAULT_PLAINTEXT_BACKEND_NAME = 'default';
+
+export async function bootstrapSecretBackends(prisma: PrismaClient): Promise<void> {
+  let plaintext = await prisma.secretBackend.findUnique({
+    where: { name: DEFAULT_PLAINTEXT_BACKEND_NAME },
+  });
+
+  if (plaintext === null) {
+    plaintext = await prisma.secretBackend.create({
+      data: {
+        name: DEFAULT_PLAINTEXT_BACKEND_NAME,
+        type: 'plaintext',
+        isDefault: true,
+        description: 'Default in-database plaintext backend. Seeded on first startup.',
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  const currentDefault = await prisma.secretBackend.findFirst({ where: { isDefault: true } });
+  if (currentDefault === null) {
+    await prisma.secretBackend.update({
+      where: { id: plaintext.id },
+      data: { isDefault: true },
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Backfill any secrets left with an empty backendId after the schema migration.
+  // `findMany({ where: { backendId: '' } })` catches rows that existed before
+  // the column was added and had a default-empty value assigned.
+  const orphans = await prisma.secret.findMany({
+    where: { backendId: '' },
+    select: { id: true },
+  });
+  if (orphans.length > 0) {
+    await prisma.secret.updateMany({
+      where: { id: { in: orphans.map((o) => o.id) } },
+      data: { backendId: plaintext.id },
+    });
+  }
+}

src/mcpd/src/main.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,14 @@ import {
   UserRepository,
   GroupRepository,
   AuditEventRepository,
+  McpTokenRepository,
 } from './repositories/index.js';
+import { SecretBackendRepository } from './repositories/secret-backend.repository.js';
+import { SecretBackendService } from './services/secret-backend.service.js';
+import { SecretMigrateService } from './services/secret-migrate.service.js';
+import { bootstrapSecretBackends } from './bootstrap/secret-backends.js';
+import { registerSecretBackendRoutes } from './routes/secret-backends.js';
+import { registerSecretMigrateRoutes } from './routes/secret-migrate.js';
 import { PromptRepository } from './repositories/prompt.repository.js';
 import { PromptRequestRepository } from './repositories/prompt-request.repository.js';
 import { bootstrapSystemProject } from './bootstrap/system-project.js';
@@ -43,6 +50,7 @@ import {
   UserService,
   GroupService,
   AuditEventService,
+  McpTokenService,
 } from './services/index.js';
 import type { RbacAction } from './services/index.js';
 import type { UpdateRbacDefinitionInput } from './validation/rbac-definition.schema.js';
@@ -62,6 +70,7 @@ import {
   registerUserRoutes,
   registerGroupRoutes,
   registerAuditEventRoutes,
+  registerMcpTokenRoutes,
 } from './routes/index.js';
 import { registerPromptRoutes } from './routes/prompts.js';
 import { registerGitBackupRoutes } from './routes/git-backup.js';
@@ -90,11 +99,14 @@ function mapUrlToPermission(method: string, url: string): PermissionCheck {
   if (segment === 'backup') return { kind: 'operation', operation: 'backup' };
   if (segment === 'restore') return { kind: 'operation', operation: 'restore' };
   if (segment === 'audit-logs' && method === 'DELETE') return { kind: 'operation', operation: 'audit-purge' };
+  // /api/v1/secrets/migrate is a bulk cross-backend operation — treat as op, not a plain secret write.
+  if (url.startsWith('/api/v1/secrets/migrate')) return { kind: 'operation', operation: 'migrate-secrets' };
 
   const resourceMap: Record<string, string | undefined> = {
     'servers': 'servers',
     'instances': 'instances',
     'secrets': 'secrets',
+    'secretbackends': 'secretbackends',
     'projects': 'projects',
     'templates': 'templates',
     'users': 'users',
@@ -104,6 +116,7 @@ function mapUrlToPermission(method: string, url: string): PermissionCheck {
     'mcp': 'servers',
     'prompts': 'prompts',
     'promptrequests': 'promptrequests',
+    'mcptokens': 'mcptokens',
   };
 
   const resource = resourceMap[segment];
@@ -116,6 +129,12 @@ function mapUrlToPermission(method: string, url: string): PermissionCheck {
     return { kind: 'resource', resource: 'promptrequests', action: 'delete', resourceName: approveMatch[1] };
   }
 
+  // Special case: /api/v1/mcptokens/:id/revoke → treated as 'delete' on the token.
+  const revokeMatch = url.match(/^\/api\/v1\/mcptokens\/([^/?]+)\/revoke/);
+  if (revokeMatch?.[1]) {
+    return { kind: 'resource', resource: 'mcptokens', action: 'delete', resourceName: revokeMatch[1] };
+  }
+
   // Special case: /api/v1/projects/:name/prompts/visible → view prompts
   const visiblePromptsMatch = url.match(/^\/api\/v1\/projects\/([^/?]+)\/prompts\/visible/);
   if (visiblePromptsMatch?.[1]) {
@@ -251,6 +270,7 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
   // Repositories
   const serverRepo = new McpServerRepository(prisma);
   const secretRepo = new SecretRepository(prisma);
+  const secretBackendRepo = new SecretBackendRepository(prisma);
   const instanceRepo = new McpInstanceRepository(prisma);
   const projectRepo = new ProjectRepository(prisma);
   const auditLogRepo = new AuditLogRepository(prisma);
@@ -259,14 +279,21 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
   const rbacDefinitionRepo = new RbacDefinitionRepository(prisma);
   const userRepo = new UserRepository(prisma);
   const groupRepo = new GroupRepository(prisma);
+  const mcpTokenRepo = new McpTokenRepository(prisma);
+
+  // SecretBackend bootstrap: ensure a `plaintext` default row exists and any
+  // pre-existing `Secret` rows are pointed at it. Idempotent per run.
+  await bootstrapSecretBackends(prisma);
 
   // CUID detection for RBAC name resolution
   const CUID_RE = /^c[^\s-]{8,}$/i;
   const nameResolvers: Record<string, { findById(id: string): Promise<{ name: string } | null> }> = {
     servers: serverRepo,
     secrets: secretRepo,
+    secretbackends: secretBackendRepo,
     projects: projectRepo,
     groups: groupRepo,
+    mcptokens: mcpTokenRepo,
   };
 
   // Migrate legacy 'admin' role → granular roles
@@ -279,9 +306,29 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
 
   // Services
   const serverService = new McpServerService(serverRepo);
-  const instanceService = new InstanceService(instanceRepo, serverRepo, orchestrator, secretRepo);
+  // SecretBackend service — needs a lazy bridge to the yet-to-be-constructed
+  // SecretService because the OpenBao driver's auth token lives in a plaintext
+  // Secret. The bridge defers the resolve until after `secretService` is
+  // assigned, breaking the circular dependency at construction time.
+  const secretResolverBridge = {
+    resolve: async (name: string, key: string): Promise<string> => secretService.resolve(name, key),
+  };
+  const secretBackendService = new SecretBackendService(secretBackendRepo, {
+    plaintext: {
+      listAllPlaintext: async () => {
+        const rows = await prisma.secret.findMany({
+          where: { backend: { type: 'plaintext' } },
+          select: { name: true, data: true },
+        });
+        return rows.map((r) => ({ name: r.name, data: r.data as Record<string, string> }));
+      },
+    },
+    secretRefResolver: secretResolverBridge,
+  });
+  const secretService = new SecretService(secretRepo, secretBackendService);
+  const secretMigrateService = new SecretMigrateService(secretRepo, secretBackendService);
+  const instanceService = new InstanceService(instanceRepo, serverRepo, orchestrator, secretService);
   serverService.setInstanceService(instanceService);
-  const secretService = new SecretService(secretRepo);
   const projectService = new ProjectService(projectRepo, serverRepo);
   const auditLogService = new AuditLogService(auditLogRepo);
   const auditEventService = new AuditEventService(auditEventRepo);
@@ -292,6 +339,7 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
   const mcpProxyService = new McpProxyService(instanceRepo, serverRepo, orchestrator);
   const rbacDefinitionService = new RbacDefinitionService(rbacDefinitionRepo);
   const rbacService = new RbacService(rbacDefinitionRepo, prisma);
+  const mcpTokenService = new McpTokenService(mcpTokenRepo, projectRepo, rbacDefinitionRepo, rbacService);
   const userService = new UserService(userRepo);
   const groupService = new GroupService(groupRepo, userRepo);
   const promptRepo = new PromptRepository(prisma);
@@ -300,12 +348,30 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
   promptRuleRegistry.register(systemPromptVarsRule);
   const promptService = new PromptService(promptRepo, promptRequestRepo, projectRepo, promptRuleRegistry);
   const backupService = new BackupService(serverRepo, projectRepo, secretRepo, userRepo, groupRepo, rbacDefinitionRepo, promptRepo, templateRepo);
-  const restoreService = new RestoreService(serverRepo, projectRepo, secretRepo, userRepo, groupRepo, rbacDefinitionRepo, promptRepo, templateRepo);
+  const restoreService = new RestoreService(serverRepo, projectRepo, secretRepo, secretService, userRepo, groupRepo, rbacDefinitionRepo, promptRepo, templateRepo);
 
-  // Auth middleware for global hooks
-  const authMiddleware = createAuthMiddleware({
-    findSession: (token) => authService.findSession(token),
-  });
+  // Shared auth dependencies. Both the global auth hook and the per-route
+  // preHandler on /api/v1/mcp/proxy must know how to resolve both session
+  // bearers AND mcpctl_pat_ bearers, or mcplocal→mcpd proxy calls with a
+  // McpToken will 401 at the route layer even though the global hook accepts them.
+  const authDeps = {
+    findSession: (token: string) => authService.findSession(token),
+    findMcpToken: async (tokenHash: string) => {
+      const row = await mcpTokenRepo.findByHash(tokenHash);
+      if (row === null) return null;
+      return {
+        tokenId: row.id,
+        tokenName: row.name,
+        tokenSha: row.tokenHash,
+        projectId: row.projectId,
+        projectName: row.project.name,
+        ownerId: row.ownerId,
+        expiresAt: row.expiresAt,
+        revokedAt: row.revokedAt,
+      };
+    },
+  };
+  const authMiddleware = createAuthMiddleware(authDeps);
 
   // Server
   const app = await createServer(config, {
@@ -329,6 +395,8 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
     const url = request.url;
     // Skip auth for health, auth, and root
     if (url.startsWith('/api/v1/auth/') || url === '/healthz' || url === '/health') return;
+    // Introspection authenticates via the McpToken bearer itself — route handles its own auth.
+    if (url.startsWith('/api/v1/mcptokens/introspect')) return;
     if (!url.startsWith('/api/v1/')) return;
 
     // Run auth middleware
@@ -351,9 +419,28 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
     const saHeader = request.headers['x-service-account'];
     const serviceAccountName = typeof saHeader === 'string' ? saHeader : undefined;
 
+    // McpToken principal (set by authMiddleware when the bearer was mcpctl_pat_…)
+    const mcpTokenSha = request.mcpToken?.tokenSha;
+
+    // Second layer of project-scope enforcement: a McpToken principal can only
+    // hit resources inside its bound project.
+    if (request.mcpToken !== undefined) {
+      const projectMatch = url.match(/^\/api\/v1\/projects\/([^/?]+)/);
+      if (projectMatch?.[1]) {
+        let targetProjectName = projectMatch[1];
+        if (CUID_RE.test(targetProjectName)) {
+          const entity = await projectRepo.findById(targetProjectName);
+          if (entity) targetProjectName = entity.name;
+        }
+        if (targetProjectName !== request.mcpToken.projectName) {
+          return reply.code(403).send({ error: 'Token is not valid for this project' });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     let allowed: boolean;
     if (check.kind === 'operation') {
-      allowed = await rbacService.canRunOperation(request.userId, check.operation, serviceAccountName);
+      allowed = await rbacService.canRunOperation(request.userId, check.operation, serviceAccountName, mcpTokenSha);
     } else {
       // Resolve CUID → human name for name-scoped RBAC bindings
       if (check.resourceName !== undefined && CUID_RE.test(check.resourceName)) {
@@ -363,10 +450,10 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
           if (entity) check.resourceName = entity.name;
         }
       }
-      allowed = await rbacService.canAccess(request.userId, check.action, check.resource, check.resourceName, serviceAccountName);
+      allowed = await rbacService.canAccess(request.userId, check.action, check.resource, check.resourceName, serviceAccountName, mcpTokenSha);
       // Compute scope for list filtering (used by preSerialization hook)
       if (allowed && check.resourceName === undefined) {
-        request.rbacScope = await rbacService.getAllowedScope(request.userId, check.action, check.resource, serviceAccountName);
+        request.rbacScope = await rbacService.getAllowedScope(request.userId, check.action, check.resource, serviceAccountName, mcpTokenSha);
       }
     }
     if (!allowed) {
@@ -378,6 +465,8 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
   registerMcpServerRoutes(app, serverService, instanceService);
   registerTemplateRoutes(app, templateService);
   registerSecretRoutes(app, secretService);
+  registerSecretBackendRoutes(app, secretBackendService);
+  registerSecretMigrateRoutes(app, secretMigrateService);
   registerInstanceRoutes(app, instanceService);
   registerProjectRoutes(app, projectService);
   registerAuditLogRoutes(app, auditLogService);
@@ -388,11 +477,12 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
   registerMcpProxyRoutes(app, {
     mcpProxyService,
     auditLogService,
-    authDeps: { findSession: (token) => authService.findSession(token) },
+    authDeps,
   });
   registerRbacRoutes(app, rbacDefinitionService);
   registerUserRoutes(app, userService);
   registerGroupRoutes(app, groupService);
+  registerMcpTokenRoutes(app, { tokenService: mcpTokenService, projectRepo });
   registerPromptRoutes(app, promptService, projectRepo);
 
   // ── Git-based backup ──

src/mcpd/src/middleware/auth.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,41 @@
 import type { FastifyRequest, FastifyReply } from 'fastify';
+import { isMcpToken, hashToken } from '@mcpctl/shared';
+
+export interface McpTokenPrincipal {
+  tokenId: string;
+  tokenName: string;
+  tokenSha: string;
+  projectId: string;
+  projectName: string;
+  ownerId: string;
+}
+
+export interface McpTokenLookup {
+  tokenId: string;
+  tokenName: string;
+  tokenSha: string;
+  projectId: string;
+  projectName: string;
+  ownerId: string;
+  expiresAt: Date | null;
+  revokedAt: Date | null;
+}
 
 export interface AuthDeps {
   findSession: (token: string) => Promise<{ userId: string; expiresAt: Date } | null>;
+  /**
+   * Look up an McpToken by SHA-256 hash. Optional — when absent, Bearer tokens
+   * that look like `mcpctl_pat_…` are rejected (400).
+   */
+  findMcpToken?: (tokenHash: string) => Promise<McpTokenLookup | null>;
 }
 
 declare module 'fastify' {
   interface FastifyRequest {
     userId?: string;
     rbacScope?: { wildcard: boolean; names: Set<string> };
+    /** Set by the auth hook when the caller authenticated via a McpToken bearer (prefix `mcpctl_pat_`). */
+    mcpToken?: McpTokenPrincipal;
   }
 }
 
@@ -25,6 +53,37 @@ export function createAuthMiddleware(deps: AuthDeps) {
       return;
     }
 
+    // Dispatch on the prefix: `mcpctl_pat_…` → McpToken path; anything else → session path.
+    if (isMcpToken(token)) {
+      if (deps.findMcpToken === undefined) {
+        reply.code(401).send({ error: 'McpToken auth not enabled' });
+        return;
+      }
+      const row = await deps.findMcpToken(hashToken(token));
+      if (row === null) {
+        reply.code(401).send({ error: 'Invalid token' });
+        return;
+      }
+      if (row.revokedAt !== null) {
+        reply.code(401).send({ error: 'Token revoked' });
+        return;
+      }
+      if (row.expiresAt !== null && row.expiresAt < new Date()) {
+        reply.code(401).send({ error: 'Token expired' });
+        return;
+      }
+      request.userId = row.ownerId;
+      request.mcpToken = {
+        tokenId: row.tokenId,
+        tokenName: row.tokenName,
+        tokenSha: row.tokenSha,
+        projectId: row.projectId,
+        projectName: row.projectName,
+        ownerId: row.ownerId,
+      };
+      return;
+    }
+
     const session = await deps.findSession(token);
     if (session === null) {
       reply.code(401).send({ error: 'Invalid token' });

src/mcpd/src/repositories/audit-event.repository.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ export class AuditEventRepository implements IAuditEventRepository {
       correlationId: e.correlationId ?? null,
       parentEventId: e.parentEventId ?? null,
       userName: e.userName ?? null,
+      tokenName: e.tokenName ?? null,
+      tokenSha: e.tokenSha ?? null,
       payload: e.payload as Prisma.InputJsonValue,
     }));
     const result = await this.prisma.auditEvent.createMany({ data });
@@ -132,6 +134,8 @@ function buildWhere(filter?: AuditEventFilter): Prisma.AuditEventWhereInput {
   if (filter.serverName !== undefined) where.serverName = filter.serverName;
   if (filter.correlationId !== undefined) where.correlationId = filter.correlationId;
   if (filter.userName !== undefined) where.userName = filter.userName;
+  if (filter.tokenName !== undefined) where.tokenName = filter.tokenName;
+  if (filter.tokenSha !== undefined) where.tokenSha = filter.tokenSha;
 
   if (filter.from !== undefined || filter.to !== undefined) {
     const timestamp: Prisma.DateTimeFilter = {};

src/mcpd/src/repositories/index.ts

@@ -15,3 +15,5 @@ export type { IGroupRepository, GroupWithMembers } from './group.repository.js';
 export { GroupRepository } from './group.repository.js';
 export type { IAuditEventRepository, AuditEventFilter, AuditEventCreateInput } from './interfaces.js';
 export { AuditEventRepository } from './audit-event.repository.js';
+export type { IMcpTokenRepository, McpTokenFilter, McpTokenWithRelations, CreateMcpTokenRepoInput } from './interfaces.js';
+export { McpTokenRepository } from './mcp-token.repository.js';

src/mcpd/src/repositories/interfaces.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import type { McpServer, McpInstance, AuditLog, AuditEvent, Secret, InstanceStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { McpServer, McpInstance, AuditLog, AuditEvent, McpToken, Secret, InstanceStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 import type { CreateMcpServerInput, UpdateMcpServerInput } from '../validation/mcp-server.schema.js';
-import type { CreateSecretInput, UpdateSecretInput } from '../validation/secret.schema.js';
+import type { SecretRepoCreateInput, SecretRepoUpdateInput } from './secret.repository.js';
 
 export interface IMcpServerRepository {
   findAll(): Promise<McpServer[]>;
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ export interface ISecretRepository {
   findAll(): Promise<Secret[]>;
   findById(id: string): Promise<Secret | null>;
   findByName(name: string): Promise<Secret | null>;
-  create(data: CreateSecretInput): Promise<Secret>;
-  update(id: string, data: UpdateSecretInput): Promise<Secret>;
+  findByBackend(backendId: string): Promise<Secret[]>;
+  create(data: SecretRepoCreateInput): Promise<Secret>;
+  update(id: string, data: SecretRepoUpdateInput): Promise<Secret>;
   delete(id: string): Promise<void>;
 }
 
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@ export interface AuditEventFilter {
   serverName?: string;
   correlationId?: string;
   userName?: string;
+  tokenName?: string;
+  tokenSha?: string;
   from?: Date;
   to?: Date;
   limit?: number;
@@ -74,6 +77,8 @@ export interface AuditEventCreateInput {
   correlationId?: string;
   parentEventId?: string;
   userName?: string;
+  tokenName?: string;
+  tokenSha?: string;
   payload: Record<string, unknown>;
 }
 
@@ -95,3 +100,37 @@ export interface IAuditEventRepository {
   listSessions(filter?: { projectName?: string; userName?: string; from?: Date; to?: Date; limit?: number; offset?: number }): Promise<AuditSessionSummary[]>;
   countSessions(filter?: { projectName?: string; userName?: string; from?: Date; to?: Date }): Promise<number>;
 }
+
+// ── MCP Tokens ──
+
+export interface McpTokenFilter {
+  projectId?: string;
+  ownerId?: string;
+  includeRevoked?: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface CreateMcpTokenRepoInput {
+  name: string;
+  projectId: string;
+  ownerId: string;
+  tokenHash: string;
+  tokenPrefix: string;
+  description?: string;
+  expiresAt?: Date | null;
+}
+
+export type McpTokenWithRelations = McpToken & {
+  project: { id: string; name: string };
+  owner: { id: string; email: string };
+};
+
+export interface IMcpTokenRepository {
+  findAll(filter?: McpTokenFilter): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations[]>;
+  findById(id: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null>;
+  findByHash(tokenHash: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null>;
+  findByNameAndProject(name: string, projectId: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null>;
+  create(data: CreateMcpTokenRepoInput): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations>;
+  revoke(id: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations>;
+  touchLastUsed(id: string): Promise<void>;
+  delete(id: string): Promise<void>;
+}

src/mcpd/src/repositories/mcp-token.repository.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import type { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
+import type {
+  IMcpTokenRepository,
+  McpTokenFilter,
+  McpTokenWithRelations,
+  CreateMcpTokenRepoInput,
+} from './interfaces.js';
+
+const INCLUDE_RELATIONS = {
+  project: { select: { id: true, name: true } },
+  owner: { select: { id: true, email: true } },
+} as const;
+
+export class McpTokenRepository implements IMcpTokenRepository {
+  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}
+
+  async findAll(filter?: McpTokenFilter): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations[]> {
+    const where: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+    if (filter?.projectId !== undefined) where['projectId'] = filter.projectId;
+    if (filter?.ownerId !== undefined) where['ownerId'] = filter.ownerId;
+    if (!filter?.includeRevoked) where['revokedAt'] = null;
+    return this.prisma.mcpToken.findMany({
+      where,
+      include: INCLUDE_RELATIONS,
+      orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
+    }) as Promise<McpTokenWithRelations[]>;
+  }
+
+  async findById(id: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null> {
+    return this.prisma.mcpToken.findUnique({
+      where: { id },
+      include: INCLUDE_RELATIONS,
+    }) as Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null>;
+  }
+
+  async findByHash(tokenHash: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null> {
+    return this.prisma.mcpToken.findUnique({
+      where: { tokenHash },
+      include: INCLUDE_RELATIONS,
+    }) as Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null>;
+  }
+
+  async findByNameAndProject(name: string, projectId: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null> {
+    return this.prisma.mcpToken.findUnique({
+      where: { name_projectId: { name, projectId } },
+      include: INCLUDE_RELATIONS,
+    }) as Promise<McpTokenWithRelations | null>;
+  }
+
+  async create(data: CreateMcpTokenRepoInput): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations> {
+    return this.prisma.mcpToken.create({
+      data: {
+        name: data.name,
+        projectId: data.projectId,
+        ownerId: data.ownerId,
+        tokenHash: data.tokenHash,
+        tokenPrefix: data.tokenPrefix,
+        description: data.description ?? '',
+        expiresAt: data.expiresAt ?? null,
+      },
+      include: INCLUDE_RELATIONS,
+    }) as Promise<McpTokenWithRelations>;
+  }
+
+  async revoke(id: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations> {
+    return this.prisma.mcpToken.update({
+      where: { id },
+      data: { revokedAt: new Date() },
+      include: INCLUDE_RELATIONS,
+    }) as Promise<McpTokenWithRelations>;
+  }
+
+  async touchLastUsed(id: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.prisma.mcpToken.update({
+      where: { id },
+      data: { lastUsedAt: new Date() },
+    });
+  }
+
+  async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.prisma.mcpToken.delete({ where: { id } });
+  }
+}

src/mcpd/src/repositories/secret-backend.repository.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import type { PrismaClient, SecretBackend, Prisma } from '@prisma/client';
+
+export interface CreateSecretBackendInput {
+  name: string;
+  type: string;
+  config?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  isDefault?: boolean;
+  description?: string;
+}
+
+export interface UpdateSecretBackendInput {
+  config?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  isDefault?: boolean;
+  description?: string;
+}
+
+export interface ISecretBackendRepository {
+  findAll(): Promise<SecretBackend[]>;
+  findById(id: string): Promise<SecretBackend | null>;
+  findByName(name: string): Promise<SecretBackend | null>;
+  findDefault(): Promise<SecretBackend | null>;
+  create(data: CreateSecretBackendInput): Promise<SecretBackend>;
+  update(id: string, data: UpdateSecretBackendInput): Promise<SecretBackend>;
+  /**
+   * Atomically clear `isDefault` on every row except the one named, then set
+   * the given row as default. Used by `setDefault`.
+   */
+  setAsDefault(id: string): Promise<SecretBackend>;
+  delete(id: string): Promise<void>;
+  /** Count secrets that still reference this backend — used to guard delete. */
+  countReferencingSecrets(backendId: string): Promise<number>;
+}
+
+export class SecretBackendRepository implements ISecretBackendRepository {
+  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}
+
+  async findAll(): Promise<SecretBackend[]> {
+    return this.prisma.secretBackend.findMany({ orderBy: { name: 'asc' } });
+  }
+
+  async findById(id: string): Promise<SecretBackend | null> {
+    return this.prisma.secretBackend.findUnique({ where: { id } });
+  }
+
+  async findByName(name: string): Promise<SecretBackend | null> {
+    return this.prisma.secretBackend.findUnique({ where: { name } });
+  }
+
+  async findDefault(): Promise<SecretBackend | null> {
+    return this.prisma.secretBackend.findFirst({ where: { isDefault: true } });
+  }
+
+  async create(data: CreateSecretBackendInput): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    return this.prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
+      if (data.isDefault === true) {
+        await tx.secretBackend.updateMany({ where: { isDefault: true }, data: { isDefault: false } });
+      }
+      return tx.secretBackend.create({
+        data: {
+          name: data.name,
+          type: data.type,
+          config: (data.config ?? {}) as Prisma.InputJsonValue,
+          isDefault: data.isDefault ?? false,
+          description: data.description ?? '',
+        },
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  async update(id: string, data: UpdateSecretBackendInput): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    return this.prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
+      if (data.isDefault === true) {
+        await tx.secretBackend.updateMany({
+          where: { isDefault: true, NOT: { id } },
+          data: { isDefault: false },
+        });
+      }
+      const updateData: Prisma.SecretBackendUpdateInput = {};
+      if (data.config !== undefined) updateData.config = data.config as Prisma.InputJsonValue;
+      if (data.isDefault !== undefined) updateData.isDefault = data.isDefault;
+      if (data.description !== undefined) updateData.description = data.description;
+      return tx.secretBackend.update({ where: { id }, data: updateData });
+    });
+  }
+
+  async setAsDefault(id: string): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    return this.prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
+      await tx.secretBackend.updateMany({
+        where: { isDefault: true, NOT: { id } },
+        data: { isDefault: false },
+      });
+      return tx.secretBackend.update({ where: { id }, data: { isDefault: true } });
+    });
+  }
+
+  async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.prisma.secretBackend.delete({ where: { id } });
+  }
+
+  async countReferencingSecrets(backendId: string): Promise<number> {
+    return this.prisma.secret.count({ where: { backendId } });
+  }
+}

src/mcpd/src/repositories/secret.repository.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
-import { type PrismaClient, type Secret } from '@prisma/client';
+import { type PrismaClient, type Secret, type Prisma } from '@prisma/client';
 import type { ISecretRepository } from './interfaces.js';
-import type { CreateSecretInput, UpdateSecretInput } from '../validation/secret.schema.js';
+
+export interface SecretRepoCreateInput {
+  name: string;
+  backendId: string;
+  data?: Record<string, string>;
+  externalRef?: string;
+}
+
+export interface SecretRepoUpdateInput {
+  data?: Record<string, string>;
+  externalRef?: string;
+  backendId?: string;
+}
 
 export class SecretRepository implements ISecretRepository {
   constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}
@@ -17,20 +29,29 @@ export class SecretRepository implements ISecretRepository {
     return this.prisma.secret.findUnique({ where: { name } });
   }
 
-  async create(data: CreateSecretInput): Promise<Secret> {
+  async findByBackend(backendId: string): Promise<Secret[]> {
+    return this.prisma.secret.findMany({ where: { backendId }, orderBy: { name: 'asc' } });
+  }
+
+  async create(data: SecretRepoCreateInput): Promise<Secret> {
     return this.prisma.secret.create({
       data: {
         name: data.name,
-        data: data.data,
+        backendId: data.backendId,
+        data: (data.data ?? {}) as Prisma.InputJsonValue,
+        externalRef: data.externalRef ?? '',
       },
     });
   }
 
-  async update(id: string, data: UpdateSecretInput): Promise<Secret> {
-    return this.prisma.secret.update({
-      where: { id },
-      data: { data: data.data },
-    });
+  async update(id: string, data: SecretRepoUpdateInput): Promise<Secret> {
+    const updateData: Prisma.SecretUpdateInput = {};
+    if (data.data !== undefined) updateData.data = data.data as Prisma.InputJsonValue;
+    if (data.externalRef !== undefined) updateData.externalRef = data.externalRef;
+    if (data.backendId !== undefined) {
+      updateData.backend = { connect: { id: data.backendId } };
+    }
+    return this.prisma.secret.update({ where: { id }, data: updateData });
   }
 
   async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {

src/mcpd/src/routes/index.ts

@@ -18,3 +18,5 @@ export { registerRbacRoutes } from './rbac-definitions.js';
 export { registerUserRoutes } from './users.js';
 export { registerGroupRoutes } from './groups.js';
 export { registerAuditEventRoutes } from './audit-events.js';
+export { registerMcpTokenRoutes } from './mcp-tokens.js';
+export type { McpTokenRouteDeps } from './mcp-tokens.js';

src/mcpd/src/routes/mcp-tokens.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import type { FastifyInstance, FastifyReply, FastifyRequest } from 'fastify';
+import { isMcpToken } from '@mcpctl/shared';
+import type { McpTokenService } from '../services/mcp-token.service.js';
+import { PermissionCeilingError } from '../services/mcp-token.service.js';
+import { NotFoundError, ConflictError } from '../services/mcp-server.service.js';
+import type { IProjectRepository } from '../repositories/project.repository.js';
+
+export interface McpTokenRouteDeps {
+  tokenService: McpTokenService;
+  projectRepo: IProjectRepository;
+}
+
+export function registerMcpTokenRoutes(app: FastifyInstance, deps: McpTokenRouteDeps): void {
+  const { tokenService, projectRepo } = deps;
+
+  // ── List ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  app.get<{ Querystring: { projectId?: string; projectName?: string; includeRevoked?: string } }>(
+    '/api/v1/mcptokens',
+    async (request) => {
+      const { projectId, projectName, includeRevoked } = request.query;
+
+      // Allow filtering by project name for CLI ergonomics.
+      let resolvedProjectId = projectId;
+      if (resolvedProjectId === undefined && projectName !== undefined) {
+        const project = await projectRepo.findByName(projectName);
+        if (project === null) throw new NotFoundError(`Project not found: ${projectName}`);
+        resolvedProjectId = project.id;
+      }
+
+      const filter: { projectId?: string; includeRevoked?: boolean } = {};
+      if (resolvedProjectId !== undefined) filter.projectId = resolvedProjectId;
+      if (includeRevoked === 'true') filter.includeRevoked = true;
+
+      const rows = await tokenService.list(filter);
+      return rows.map(toListResponse);
+    },
+  );
+
+  // ── Describe ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  app.get<{ Params: { id: string } }>('/api/v1/mcptokens/:id', async (request) => {
+    const row = await tokenService.getById(request.params.id);
+    return toListResponse(row);
+  });
+
+  // ── Create ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  app.post('/api/v1/mcptokens', async (request, reply) => {
+    const userId = request.userId;
+    if (userId === undefined) {
+      reply.code(401);
+      return { error: 'Not authenticated' };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Accept projectName OR projectId for CLI ergonomics.
+      const body = (request.body ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
+      if (typeof body['projectName'] === 'string' && typeof body['projectId'] !== 'string') {
+        const project = await projectRepo.findByName(body['projectName']);
+        if (project === null) throw new NotFoundError(`Project not found: ${body['projectName']}`);
+        body['projectId'] = project.id;
+      }
+
+      const result = await tokenService.create(userId, body);
+      reply.code(201);
+      return {
+        ...toListResponse(result.mcpToken),
+        token: result.raw,
+      };
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err instanceof NotFoundError) {
+        reply.code(404);
+        return { error: err.message };
+      }
+      if (err instanceof ConflictError) {
+        reply.code(409);
+        return { error: err.message };
+      }
+      if (err instanceof PermissionCeilingError) {
+        reply.code(403);
+        return { error: err.message };
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+  });
+
+  // ── Revoke (soft-delete) ────────────────────────────────────────────
+  app.post<{ Params: { id: string } }>('/api/v1/mcptokens/:id/revoke', async (request) => {
+    const row = await tokenService.revoke(request.params.id);
+    return toListResponse(row);
+  });
+
+  // ── Delete (hard) ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  app.delete<{ Params: { id: string } }>('/api/v1/mcptokens/:id', async (request, reply) => {
+    await tokenService.delete(request.params.id);
+    reply.code(204);
+  });
+
+  // ── Introspect ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  // Called by mcplocal's HTTP-mode auth preHandler to resolve a raw bearer
+  // to principal info. Accepts a McpToken bearer directly — bypasses the
+  // session-auth path.
+  app.get('/api/v1/mcptokens/introspect', async (request: FastifyRequest, reply: FastifyReply) => {
+    const header = request.headers.authorization;
+    if (header === undefined || !header.startsWith('Bearer ')) {
+      reply.code(401);
+      return { ok: false, error: 'Missing Authorization' };
+    }
+    const token = header.slice(7);
+    if (!isMcpToken(token)) {
+      reply.code(401);
+      return { ok: false, error: 'Not a mcptoken bearer' };
+    }
+    const result = await tokenService.introspectRaw(token);
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      reply.code(401);
+    }
+    return result;
+  });
+}
+
+function toListResponse(row: import('../repositories/interfaces.js').McpTokenWithRelations): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return {
+    id: row.id,
+    name: row.name,
+    projectId: row.projectId,
+    projectName: row.project.name,
+    tokenPrefix: row.tokenPrefix,
+    ownerId: row.ownerId,
+    ownerEmail: row.owner.email,
+    description: row.description,
+    createdAt: row.createdAt,
+    expiresAt: row.expiresAt,
+    lastUsedAt: row.lastUsedAt,
+    revokedAt: row.revokedAt,
+    status: statusOf(row),
+  };
+}
+
+function statusOf(row: import('../repositories/interfaces.js').McpTokenWithRelations): 'active' | 'revoked' | 'expired' {
+  if (row.revokedAt !== null) return 'revoked';
+  if (row.expiresAt !== null && row.expiresAt < new Date()) return 'expired';
+  return 'active';
+}

src/mcpd/src/routes/secret-backends.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import type { FastifyInstance } from 'fastify';
+import type { SecretBackendService } from '../services/secret-backend.service.js';
+import { SecretBackendInUseError } from '../services/secret-backend.service.js';
+import { NotFoundError, ConflictError } from '../services/mcp-server.service.js';
+
+export function registerSecretBackendRoutes(
+  app: FastifyInstance,
+  service: SecretBackendService,
+): void {
+  app.get('/api/v1/secretbackends', async () => {
+    const rows = await service.list();
+    return rows.map(redactConfig);
+  });
+
+  app.get<{ Params: { id: string } }>('/api/v1/secretbackends/:id', async (request) => {
+    const row = await service.getById(request.params.id);
+    return redactConfig(row);
+  });
+
+  app.post('/api/v1/secretbackends', async (request, reply) => {
+    try {
+      const row = await service.create(request.body as {
+        name: string;
+        type: string;
+        config?: Record<string, unknown>;
+        isDefault?: boolean;
+        description?: string;
+      });
+      reply.code(201);
+      return redactConfig(row);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err instanceof ConflictError) {
+        reply.code(409);
+        return { error: err.message };
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+  });
+
+  app.put<{ Params: { id: string } }>('/api/v1/secretbackends/:id', async (request) => {
+    const row = await service.update(request.params.id, request.body as {
+      config?: Record<string, unknown>;
+      isDefault?: boolean;
+      description?: string;
+    });
+    return redactConfig(row);
+  });
+
+  app.post<{ Params: { id: string } }>('/api/v1/secretbackends/:id/default', async (request) => {
+    const row = await service.setDefault(request.params.id);
+    return redactConfig(row);
+  });
+
+  app.delete<{ Params: { id: string } }>('/api/v1/secretbackends/:id', async (request, reply) => {
+    try {
+      await service.delete(request.params.id);
+      reply.code(204);
+      return null;
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err instanceof SecretBackendInUseError) {
+        reply.code(409);
+        return { error: err.message };
+      }
+      if (err instanceof NotFoundError) {
+        reply.code(404);
+        return { error: err.message };
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Strip any value from `config` whose key looks like a credential, and replace
+ * tokenSecretRef with a short description. Prevents accidental exposure via
+ * GET responses.
+ */
+function redactConfig<T extends { config: unknown }>(row: T): T {
+  const config = (row.config ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const cleaned: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(config)) {
+    if (/token|secret|password|key/i.test(k) && typeof v === 'string') {
+      cleaned[k] = '***';
+    } else {
+      cleaned[k] = v;
+    }
+  }
+  return { ...row, config: cleaned };
+}

src/mcpd/src/routes/secret-migrate.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import type { FastifyInstance } from 'fastify';
+import type { SecretMigrateService } from '../services/secret-migrate.service.js';
+
+export function registerSecretMigrateRoutes(
+  app: FastifyInstance,
+  service: SecretMigrateService,
+): void {
+  /**
+   * POST /api/v1/secrets/migrate
+   *   body: { from: string, to: string, names?: string[], keepSource?: boolean, dryRun?: boolean }
+   *   RBAC: operation `migrate-secrets` (role:run).
+   */
+  app.post<{
+    Body: {
+      from: string;
+      to: string;
+      names?: string[];
+      keepSource?: boolean;
+      dryRun?: boolean;
+    };
+  }>('/api/v1/secrets/migrate', async (request, reply) => {
+    const { from, to, names, keepSource, dryRun } = request.body;
+    if (!from || !to) {
+      reply.code(400);
+      return { error: 'from and to are required' };
+    }
+
+    if (dryRun === true) {
+      const options: Parameters<SecretMigrateService['dryRun']>[0] = { from, to };
+      if (names !== undefined) options.names = names;
+      if (keepSource !== undefined) options.keepSource = keepSource;
+      const secrets = await service.dryRun(options);
+      return { dryRun: true, candidates: secrets.map((s) => ({ id: s.id, name: s.name })) };
+    }
+
+    const options: Parameters<SecretMigrateService['migrate']>[0] = { from, to };
+    if (names !== undefined) options.names = names;
+    if (keepSource !== undefined) options.keepSource = keepSource;
+    return service.migrate(options);
+  });
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/audit-event.service.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ export interface AuditEventQueryParams {
   serverName?: string;
   correlationId?: string;
   userName?: string;
+  tokenName?: string;
+  tokenSha?: string;
   from?: string;
   to?: string;
   limit?: number;
@@ -71,6 +73,8 @@ export class AuditEventService {
     if (params.serverName !== undefined) filter.serverName = params.serverName;
     if (params.correlationId !== undefined) filter.correlationId = params.correlationId;
     if (params.userName !== undefined) filter.userName = params.userName;
+    if (params.tokenName !== undefined) filter.tokenName = params.tokenName;
+    if (params.tokenSha !== undefined) filter.tokenSha = params.tokenSha;
     if (params.from !== undefined) filter.from = new Date(params.from);
     if (params.to !== undefined) filter.to = new Date(params.to);
     if (params.limit !== undefined) filter.limit = params.limit;

src/mcpd/src/services/backup/restore-service.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type { IRbacDefinitionRepository } from '../../repositories/rbac-definiti
 import type { IPromptRepository } from '../../repositories/prompt.repository.js';
 import type { ITemplateRepository } from '../../repositories/template.repository.js';
 import type { RbacRoleBinding } from '../../validation/rbac-definition.schema.js';
+import type { SecretService } from '../secret.service.js';
 import { decrypt } from './crypto.js';
 import type { BackupBundle } from './backup-service.js';
 
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ export class RestoreService {
     private serverRepo: IMcpServerRepository,
     private projectRepo: IProjectRepository,
     private secretRepo: ISecretRepository,
+    private secretService: SecretService,
     private userRepo?: IUserRepository,
     private groupRepo?: IGroupRepository,
     private rbacRepo?: IRbacDefinitionRepository,
@@ -125,16 +127,13 @@ export class RestoreService {
             result.secretsSkipped++;
             continue;
           }
-          // overwrite
-          await this.secretRepo.update(existing.id, { data: secret.data });
+          // overwrite — route through SecretService so backend dispatch applies.
+          await this.secretService.update(existing.id, { data: secret.data });
           result.secretsCreated++;
           continue;
         }
 
-        await this.secretRepo.create({
-          name: secret.name,
-          data: secret.data,
-        });
+        await this.secretService.create({ name: secret.name, data: secret.data });
         result.secretsCreated++;
       } catch (err) {
         result.errors.push(`Failed to restore secret "${secret.name}": ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`);

src/mcpd/src/services/env-resolver.ts

@@ -1,42 +1,44 @@
 import type { McpServer } from '@prisma/client';
-import type { ISecretRepository } from '../repositories/interfaces.js';
 import type { ServerEnvEntry } from '../validation/mcp-server.schema.js';
 
+/**
+ * Minimal dependency surface for the env resolver: anything that can turn a
+ * (secretName, key) pair into a string. Matches `SecretService.resolve()` so
+ * resolution now flows through the configured SecretBackend driver instead
+ * of reading `Secret.data` directly.
+ */
+export interface SecretResolver {
+  resolve(secretName: string, key: string): Promise<string>;
+}
+
 /**
  * Resolve a server's env entries into a flat key-value map.
  * - Inline `value` entries are used directly.
- * - `valueFrom.secretRef` entries are looked up from the secret repository.
+ * - `valueFrom.secretRef` entries are looked up through the resolver.
  * Throws if a referenced secret or key is missing.
  */
 export async function resolveServerEnv(
   server: McpServer,
-  secretRepo: ISecretRepository,
+  resolver: SecretResolver,
 ): Promise<Record<string, string>> {
   const entries = server.env as ServerEnvEntry[];
   if (!entries || entries.length === 0) return {};
 
   const result: Record<string, string> = {};
-  const secretCache = new Map<string, Record<string, string>>();
 
   for (const entry of entries) {
     if (entry.value !== undefined) {
       result[entry.name] = entry.value;
     } else if (entry.valueFrom?.secretRef) {
       const { name: secretName, key } = entry.valueFrom.secretRef;
-
-      if (!secretCache.has(secretName)) {
-        const secret = await secretRepo.findByName(secretName);
-        if (!secret) {
-          throw new Error(`Secret '${secretName}' not found (referenced by server '${server.name}' env '${entry.name}')`);
-        }
-        secretCache.set(secretName, secret.data as Record<string, string>);
+      try {
+        result[entry.name] = await resolver.resolve(secretName, key);
+      } catch (err) {
+        const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        throw new Error(
+          `Cannot resolve secret for server '${server.name}' env '${entry.name}': ${msg}`,
+        );
       }
-
-      const data = secretCache.get(secretName)!;
-      if (!(key in data)) {
-        throw new Error(`Key '${key}' not found in secret '${secretName}' (referenced by server '${server.name}' env '${entry.name}')`);
-      }
-      result[entry.name] = data[key]!;
     }
   }
 

src/mcpd/src/services/index.ts

@@ -34,3 +34,5 @@ export { UserService } from './user.service.js';
 export { GroupService } from './group.service.js';
 export { AuditEventService } from './audit-event.service.js';
 export type { AuditEventQueryParams } from './audit-event.service.js';
+export { McpTokenService, PermissionCeilingError } from './mcp-token.service.js';
+export type { CreateMcpTokenResult, IntrospectResult } from './mcp-token.service.js';

src/mcpd/src/services/instance.service.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import type { McpInstance } from '@prisma/client';
-import type { IMcpInstanceRepository, IMcpServerRepository, ISecretRepository } from '../repositories/interfaces.js';
+import type { IMcpInstanceRepository, IMcpServerRepository } from '../repositories/interfaces.js';
 import type { McpOrchestrator, ContainerSpec, ContainerInfo } from './orchestrator.js';
 import { NotFoundError } from './mcp-server.service.js';
-import { resolveServerEnv } from './env-resolver.js';
+import { resolveServerEnv, type SecretResolver } from './env-resolver.js';
 
 /** Runner images for package-based MCP servers, keyed by runtime name. */
 const RUNNER_IMAGES: Record<string, string> = {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export class InstanceService {
     private instanceRepo: IMcpInstanceRepository,
     private serverRepo: IMcpServerRepository,
     private orchestrator: McpOrchestrator,
-    private secretRepo?: ISecretRepository,
+    private secretResolver?: SecretResolver,
   ) {}
 
   async list(serverId?: string): Promise<McpInstance[]> {
@@ -284,9 +284,9 @@ export class InstanceService {
       }
 
       // Resolve env vars from inline values and secret refs
-      if (this.secretRepo) {
+      if (this.secretResolver) {
         try {
-          const resolvedEnv = await resolveServerEnv(server, this.secretRepo);
+          const resolvedEnv = await resolveServerEnv(server, this.secretResolver);
           if (Object.keys(resolvedEnv).length > 0) {
             spec.env = resolvedEnv;
           }

src/mcpd/src/services/mcp-token.service.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+import { generateToken, hashToken } from '@mcpctl/shared';
+import type { McpToken } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { IMcpTokenRepository, McpTokenWithRelations, McpTokenFilter } from '../repositories/interfaces.js';
+import type { IRbacDefinitionRepository } from '../repositories/rbac-definition.repository.js';
+import type { IProjectRepository } from '../repositories/project.repository.js';
+import { CreateMcpTokenSchema } from '../validation/mcp-token.schema.js';
+import { isResourceBinding, type RbacRoleBinding, type RbacSubject } from '../validation/rbac-definition.schema.js';
+import type { RbacService, Permission } from './rbac.service.js';
+import { ROLE_ACTIONS_FOR_CEILING } from './rbac.service.js';
+import { NotFoundError, ConflictError } from './mcp-server.service.js';
+
+/** Thrown when the requesting user tries to mint a token with bindings they cannot grant themselves. */
+export class PermissionCeilingError extends Error {
+  constructor(message: string) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'PermissionCeilingError';
+  }
+}
+
+export interface CreateMcpTokenResult {
+  /** The database row (with project/owner relations). */
+  mcpToken: McpTokenWithRelations;
+  /** The raw bearer token — shown exactly once. */
+  raw: string;
+}
+
+export interface IntrospectResult {
+  ok: boolean;
+  tokenId?: string;
+  tokenName?: string;
+  tokenSha?: string;
+  projectId?: string;
+  projectName?: string;
+  ownerId?: string;
+  expired?: boolean;
+  revoked?: boolean;
+}
+
+export class McpTokenService {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly tokenRepo: IMcpTokenRepository,
+    private readonly projectRepo: IProjectRepository,
+    private readonly rbacRepo: IRbacDefinitionRepository,
+    private readonly rbacService: RbacService,
+  ) {}
+
+  async list(filter?: McpTokenFilter): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations[]> {
+    return this.tokenRepo.findAll(filter);
+  }
+
+  async getById(id: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations> {
+    const row = await this.tokenRepo.findById(id);
+    if (row === null) throw new NotFoundError(`McpToken not found: ${id}`);
+    return row;
+  }
+
+  /** Hash + lookup a raw bearer. Returns the row if valid and active; null if missing, revoked, or expired. */
+  async introspectRaw(raw: string): Promise<IntrospectResult> {
+    const hash = hashToken(raw);
+    const row = await this.tokenRepo.findByHash(hash);
+    if (row === null) return { ok: false };
+
+    const now = new Date();
+    const revoked = row.revokedAt !== null;
+    const expired = row.expiresAt !== null && row.expiresAt < now;
+
+    if (revoked || expired) {
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        tokenId: row.id,
+        tokenName: row.name,
+        tokenSha: row.tokenHash,
+        revoked,
+        expired,
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Best-effort last-used tracking (don't block on this).
+    this.tokenRepo.touchLastUsed(row.id).catch(() => { /* ignore */ });
+
+    return {
+      ok: true,
+      tokenId: row.id,
+      tokenName: row.name,
+      tokenSha: row.tokenHash,
+      projectId: row.projectId,
+      projectName: row.project.name,
+      ownerId: row.ownerId,
+      expired: false,
+      revoked: false,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async create(creatorUserId: string, input: unknown): Promise<CreateMcpTokenResult> {
+    const data = CreateMcpTokenSchema.parse(input);
+
+    const project = await this.projectRepo.findById(data.projectId);
+    if (project === null) throw new NotFoundError(`Project not found: ${data.projectId}`);
+
+    const existing = await this.tokenRepo.findByNameAndProject(data.name, data.projectId);
+    if (existing !== null && existing.revokedAt === null) {
+      throw new ConflictError(`McpToken already exists: ${data.name} in project ${project.name}`);
+    }
+
+    // Resolve the effective bindings:
+    //   base = rbacMode === 'clone' ? snapshot(creator) : []
+    //   effective = base + explicit bindings
+    const basePerms = data.rbacMode === 'clone'
+      ? await this.rbacService.getPermissions(creatorUserId)
+      : [];
+    const baseBindings = basePerms.map(permissionToBinding);
+    const effectiveBindings: RbacRoleBinding[] = [...baseBindings, ...data.bindings];
+
+    // Creator ceiling: every effective binding must be within what creator can do.
+    // Cloned bindings are trivially satisfied; explicit ones may not be.
+    for (const binding of data.bindings) {
+      const violation = await this.checkCeiling(creatorUserId, binding);
+      if (violation !== null) throw new PermissionCeilingError(violation);
+    }
+
+    // Generate the token
+    const { raw, hash, prefix } = generateToken();
+
+    // Normalize expiresAt
+    let expiresAt: Date | null = null;
+    if (data.expiresAt !== undefined && data.expiresAt !== null) {
+      expiresAt = typeof data.expiresAt === 'string' ? new Date(data.expiresAt) : data.expiresAt;
+    }
+
+    const createArgs: {
+      name: string;
+      projectId: string;
+      ownerId: string;
+      tokenHash: string;
+      tokenPrefix: string;
+      description?: string;
+      expiresAt: Date | null;
+    } = {
+      name: data.name,
+      projectId: data.projectId,
+      ownerId: creatorUserId,
+      tokenHash: hash,
+      tokenPrefix: prefix,
+      expiresAt,
+    };
+    if (data.description !== undefined) createArgs.description = data.description;
+    const row = await this.tokenRepo.create(createArgs);
+
+    // If the token has bindings, auto-create an RbacDefinition so the token is a real RBAC principal.
+    if (effectiveBindings.length > 0) {
+      const subject: RbacSubject = { kind: 'McpToken', name: hash };
+      await this.rbacRepo.create({
+        name: rbacDefNameFor(row),
+        subjects: [subject],
+        roleBindings: effectiveBindings,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return { mcpToken: row, raw };
+  }
+
+  async revoke(id: string): Promise<McpTokenWithRelations> {
+    const existing = await this.getById(id);
+    const row = await this.tokenRepo.revoke(id);
+    // Remove the RBAC definition so the token's bindings stop resolving immediately.
+    await this.deleteRbacDefinitionFor(existing).catch(() => { /* ignore */ });
+    return row;
+  }
+
+  async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
+    const existing = await this.getById(id);
+    await this.deleteRbacDefinitionFor(existing).catch(() => { /* ignore */ });
+    await this.tokenRepo.delete(id);
+  }
+
+  private async deleteRbacDefinitionFor(row: McpToken): Promise<void> {
+    const name = rbacDefNameFor(row);
+    const existing = await this.rbacRepo.findByName(name);
+    if (existing === null) return;
+    await this.rbacRepo.delete(existing.id);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * For a single requested binding, return null if the creator can grant it,
+   * or a human-readable reason string if they cannot.
+   */
+  private async checkCeiling(creatorUserId: string, binding: RbacRoleBinding): Promise<string | null> {
+    if (isResourceBinding(binding)) {
+      const grantedActions = ROLE_ACTIONS_FOR_CEILING[binding.role] ?? [];
+      for (const action of grantedActions) {
+        const ok = await this.rbacService.canAccess(
+          creatorUserId,
+          action,
+          binding.resource,
+          binding.name,
+        );
+        if (!ok) {
+          return `Ceiling violation: you do not have permission '${action}' on ${binding.resource}${binding.name !== undefined ? `/${binding.name}` : ''}`;
+        }
+      }
+      return null;
+    }
+    // Operation binding
+    const ok = await this.rbacService.canRunOperation(creatorUserId, binding.action);
+    if (!ok) return `Ceiling violation: you cannot run operation '${binding.action}'`;
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function permissionToBinding(p: Permission): RbacRoleBinding {
+  if ('resource' in p) {
+    return p.name !== undefined
+      ? { role: p.role as RbacRoleBinding extends { role: infer R } ? R : never, resource: p.resource, name: p.name } as RbacRoleBinding
+      : { role: p.role, resource: p.resource } as RbacRoleBinding;
+  }
+  return { role: 'run', action: p.action };
+}
+
+function rbacDefNameFor(row: { id: string }): string {
+  // Must match the regex in CreateRbacDefinitionSchema (lowercase alphanumeric with hyphens).
+  return `mcptoken-${row.id.toLowerCase()}`;
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/rbac.service.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ const ROLE_ACTIONS: Record<string, readonly RbacAction[]> = {
   expose: ['expose', 'view'],
 };
 
+/** Exported alias for permission-ceiling checks elsewhere (e.g. McpTokenService). */
+export const ROLE_ACTIONS_FOR_CEILING = ROLE_ACTIONS;
+
 export class RbacService {
   constructor(
     private readonly rbacRepo: IRbacDefinitionRepository,
@@ -50,8 +53,8 @@ export class RbacService {
    *   If provided, name-scoped bindings only match when their name equals this.
    *   If omitted (listing), name-scoped bindings still grant access.
    */
-  async canAccess(userId: string, action: RbacAction, resource: string, resourceName?: string, serviceAccountName?: string): Promise<boolean> {
-    const permissions = await this.getPermissions(userId, serviceAccountName);
+  async canAccess(userId: string, action: RbacAction, resource: string, resourceName?: string, serviceAccountName?: string, mcpTokenSha?: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    const permissions = await this.getPermissions(userId, serviceAccountName, mcpTokenSha);
     const normalized = normalizeResource(resource);
 
     for (const perm of permissions) {
@@ -73,8 +76,8 @@ export class RbacService {
    * Check whether a user is allowed to perform a named operation.
    * Operations require an explicit 'run' role binding with a matching action.
    */
-  async canRunOperation(userId: string, operation: string, serviceAccountName?: string): Promise<boolean> {
-    const permissions = await this.getPermissions(userId, serviceAccountName);
+  async canRunOperation(userId: string, operation: string, serviceAccountName?: string, mcpTokenSha?: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    const permissions = await this.getPermissions(userId, serviceAccountName, mcpTokenSha);
 
     for (const perm of permissions) {
       if ('action' in perm && perm.role === 'run' && perm.action === operation) {
@@ -90,8 +93,8 @@ export class RbacService {
    * Returns wildcard:true if any matching binding is unscoped (no name constraint).
    * Returns wildcard:false with a set of allowed names if all bindings are name-scoped.
    */
-  async getAllowedScope(userId: string, action: RbacAction, resource: string, serviceAccountName?: string): Promise<AllowedScope> {
-    const permissions = await this.getPermissions(userId, serviceAccountName);
+  async getAllowedScope(userId: string, action: RbacAction, resource: string, serviceAccountName?: string, mcpTokenSha?: string): Promise<AllowedScope> {
+    const permissions = await this.getPermissions(userId, serviceAccountName, mcpTokenSha);
     const normalized = normalizeResource(resource);
     const names = new Set<string>();
 
@@ -113,13 +116,13 @@ export class RbacService {
   /**
    * Collect all permissions for a user across all matching RbacDefinitions.
    */
-  async getPermissions(userId: string, serviceAccountName?: string): Promise<Permission[]> {
+  async getPermissions(userId: string, serviceAccountName?: string, mcpTokenSha?: string): Promise<Permission[]> {
     // 1. Resolve user email
     const user = await this.prisma.user.findUnique({
       where: { id: userId },
       select: { email: true },
     });
-    if (user === null && serviceAccountName === undefined) return [];
+    if (user === null && serviceAccountName === undefined && mcpTokenSha === undefined) return [];
 
     // 2. Resolve group names the user belongs to
     let groupNames: string[] = [];
@@ -142,6 +145,7 @@ export class RbacService {
         if (s.kind === 'User') return user !== null && s.name === user.email;
         if (s.kind === 'Group') return groupNames.includes(s.name);
         if (s.kind === 'ServiceAccount') return serviceAccountName !== undefined && s.name === serviceAccountName;
+        if (s.kind === 'McpToken') return mcpTokenSha !== undefined && s.name === mcpTokenSha;
         return false;
       });
 

src/mcpd/src/services/secret-backend.service.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import type { SecretBackend } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { ISecretBackendRepository } from '../repositories/secret-backend.repository.js';
+import type { SecretBackendDriver } from './secret-backends/types.js';
+import { createDriver, type DriverFactoryDeps } from './secret-backends/factory.js';
+import { NotFoundError, ConflictError } from './mcp-server.service.js';
+
+export class SecretBackendInUseError extends Error {
+  constructor(backendName: string, count: number) {
+    super(`SecretBackend '${backendName}' is still referenced by ${String(count)} secret(s); migrate them first`);
+    this.name = 'SecretBackendInUseError';
+  }
+}
+
+export class SecretBackendService {
+  private driverCache = new Map<string, SecretBackendDriver>(); // keyed by backend id
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly repo: ISecretBackendRepository,
+    private readonly driverDeps: DriverFactoryDeps,
+  ) {}
+
+  async list(): Promise<SecretBackend[]> {
+    return this.repo.findAll();
+  }
+
+  async getById(id: string): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    const row = await this.repo.findById(id);
+    if (row === null) throw new NotFoundError(`SecretBackend not found: ${id}`);
+    return row;
+  }
+
+  async getByName(name: string): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    const row = await this.repo.findByName(name);
+    if (row === null) throw new NotFoundError(`SecretBackend not found: ${name}`);
+    return row;
+  }
+
+  async getDefault(): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    const row = await this.repo.findDefault();
+    if (row === null) {
+      throw new Error('No default SecretBackend configured. This shouldn\'t happen — the plaintext row should have been seeded on startup.');
+    }
+    return row;
+  }
+
+  async create(input: {
+    name: string;
+    type: string;
+    config?: Record<string, unknown>;
+    isDefault?: boolean;
+    description?: string;
+  }): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    if (!input.name || !input.type) throw new Error('name and type are required');
+    const existing = await this.repo.findByName(input.name);
+    if (existing !== null) throw new ConflictError(`SecretBackend already exists: ${input.name}`);
+    return this.repo.create(input);
+  }
+
+  async update(id: string, input: { config?: Record<string, unknown>; isDefault?: boolean; description?: string }): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    await this.getById(id);
+    const row = await this.repo.update(id, input);
+    this.driverCache.delete(id); // config may have changed; rebuild lazily
+    return row;
+  }
+
+  async setDefault(id: string): Promise<SecretBackend> {
+    await this.getById(id);
+    return this.repo.setAsDefault(id);
+  }
+
+  async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
+    const row = await this.getById(id);
+    const count = await this.repo.countReferencingSecrets(id);
+    if (count > 0) throw new SecretBackendInUseError(row.name, count);
+    if (row.isDefault) throw new Error(`Cannot delete the default SecretBackend '${row.name}'; promote another one first`);
+    await this.repo.delete(id);
+    this.driverCache.delete(id);
+  }
+
+  /** Get the driver for a given backend id, creating + caching on first call. */
+  driverFor(backend: SecretBackend): SecretBackendDriver {
+    const cached = this.driverCache.get(backend.id);
+    if (cached) return cached;
+    const driver = createDriver(backend, this.driverDeps);
+    this.driverCache.set(backend.id, driver);
+    return driver;
+  }
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/secret-backends/factory.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/**
+ * Build a `SecretBackendDriver` from a `SecretBackend` row.
+ *
+ * Lives separate from the service because it's the only place aware of every
+ * driver type — adding a new backend means adding one case here and one
+ * driver file. Everything else (service, routes, CLI) is type-agnostic.
+ */
+import type { SecretBackend } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { SecretBackendDriver, SecretRefResolver } from './types.js';
+import { PlaintextDriver, type PlaintextDriverDeps } from './plaintext.js';
+import { OpenBaoDriver, type OpenBaoConfig } from './openbao.js';
+
+export interface DriverFactoryDeps {
+  plaintext: PlaintextDriverDeps;
+  /** Resolves `{secretName, key}` against the plaintext backend — used by remote drivers' auth. */
+  secretRefResolver: SecretRefResolver;
+  /** Overridable for tests. */
+  fetch?: typeof globalThis.fetch;
+}
+
+export function createDriver(row: SecretBackend, deps: DriverFactoryDeps): SecretBackendDriver {
+  switch (row.type) {
+    case 'plaintext':
+      return new PlaintextDriver(deps.plaintext);
+
+    case 'openbao': {
+      const cfg = row.config as unknown as OpenBaoConfig;
+      if (!cfg.url || !cfg.tokenSecretRef?.name || !cfg.tokenSecretRef?.key) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `SecretBackend '${row.name}' (openbao): config must provide url + tokenSecretRef {name, key}`,
+        );
+      }
+      const driverDeps: { fetch?: typeof globalThis.fetch; secretRefResolver: SecretRefResolver } = {
+        secretRefResolver: deps.secretRefResolver,
+      };
+      if (deps.fetch !== undefined) driverDeps.fetch = deps.fetch;
+      return new OpenBaoDriver(cfg, driverDeps);
+    }
+
+    default:
+      throw new Error(`Unknown SecretBackend type: ${row.type}`);
+  }
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/secret-backends/openbao.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/**
+ * OpenBao (MPL 2.0 fork of HashiCorp Vault) driver for the KV v2 secrets engine.
+ *
+ * Uses the plain HTTP API — no third-party client — so we don't pick up a
+ * Vault SDK licensing headache. Endpoints touched:
+ *
+ *   POST   <url>/v1/<mount>/data/<path>     -- write
+ *   GET    <url>/v1/<mount>/data/<path>     -- read latest
+ *   DELETE <url>/v1/<mount>/metadata/<path> -- full delete (all versions)
+ *   LIST   <url>/v1/<mount>/metadata/        -- for migration
+ *
+ * Auth: static token for v1. The token is stored in a `Secret` on the
+ * plaintext backend (see `config.tokenSecretRef = { name, key }`); the driver
+ * resolves it on construction via the injected `SecretRefResolver`. Follow-up
+ * work (not here) adds Kubernetes ServiceAccount auth.
+ *
+ * Path layout inside OpenBao:
+ *   <mount>/<pathPrefix>/<secretName>
+ * `mount` and `pathPrefix` come from the backend's `config` JSON; defaults are
+ * `secret` and `mcpctl/`.
+ */
+import type { SecretBackendDriver, SecretData, ExternalRef, SecretRefResolver } from './types.js';
+
+export interface OpenBaoConfig {
+  url: string;
+  mount?: string;
+  pathPrefix?: string;
+  namespace?: string;
+  tokenSecretRef: { name: string; key: string };
+}
+
+export interface OpenBaoDriverDeps {
+  /** Injected HTTP fetcher — mockable in tests. */
+  fetch?: typeof globalThis.fetch;
+  secretRefResolver: SecretRefResolver;
+}
+
+export class OpenBaoDriver implements SecretBackendDriver {
+  readonly kind = 'openbao';
+
+  private readonly url: string;
+  private readonly mount: string;
+  private readonly pathPrefix: string;
+  private readonly namespace: string | undefined;
+  private readonly tokenSecretRef: { name: string; key: string };
+  private readonly fetchImpl: typeof globalThis.fetch;
+  private readonly resolver: SecretRefResolver;
+  private cachedToken: string | undefined;
+
+  constructor(config: OpenBaoConfig, deps: OpenBaoDriverDeps) {
+    this.url = config.url.replace(/\/+$/, '');
+    this.mount = (config.mount ?? 'secret').replace(/^\/|\/$/g, '');
+    this.pathPrefix = (config.pathPrefix ?? 'mcpctl').replace(/^\/|\/$/g, '');
+    if (config.namespace !== undefined) this.namespace = config.namespace;
+    this.tokenSecretRef = config.tokenSecretRef;
+    this.fetchImpl = deps.fetch ?? globalThis.fetch;
+    this.resolver = deps.secretRefResolver;
+  }
+
+  async read(input: { name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef; data: SecretData }): Promise<SecretData> {
+    const path = this.pathFor(input.name);
+    const res = await this.request('GET', `/v1/${this.mount}/data/${path}`);
+    if (res.status === 404) {
+      throw new Error(`OpenBao: secret '${input.name}' not found at ${path}`);
+    }
+    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`OpenBao read ${path}: HTTP ${res.status}`);
+    const body = await res.json() as { data?: { data?: SecretData } };
+    return body.data?.data ?? {};
+  }
+
+  async write(input: { name: string; data: SecretData }): Promise<{ externalRef: ExternalRef; storedData: SecretData }> {
+    const path = this.pathFor(input.name);
+    const res = await this.request('POST', `/v1/${this.mount}/data/${path}`, { data: input.data });
+    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`OpenBao write ${path}: HTTP ${res.status}`);
+    return { externalRef: `${this.mount}/${path}`, storedData: {} };
+  }
+
+  async delete(input: { name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef }): Promise<void> {
+    const path = this.pathFor(input.name);
+    const res = await this.request('DELETE', `/v1/${this.mount}/metadata/${path}`);
+    if (!res.ok && res.status !== 404) {
+      throw new Error(`OpenBao delete ${path}: HTTP ${res.status}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async list(): Promise<Array<{ name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef }>> {
+    const listPath = this.pathPrefix === '' ? '' : `${this.pathPrefix}/`;
+    const res = await this.request('LIST', `/v1/${this.mount}/metadata/${listPath}`);
+    if (res.status === 404) return [];
+    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`OpenBao list: HTTP ${res.status}`);
+    const body = await res.json() as { data?: { keys?: string[] } };
+    const keys = body.data?.keys ?? [];
+    return keys
+      .filter((k) => !k.endsWith('/'))
+      .map((k) => ({
+        name: k,
+        externalRef: `${this.mount}/${this.pathPrefix === '' ? '' : `${this.pathPrefix}/`}${k}`,
+      }));
+  }
+
+  async healthCheck(): Promise<{ ok: boolean; detail?: string }> {
+    try {
+      const res = await this.request('GET', '/v1/sys/health');
+      return { ok: res.ok, detail: `HTTP ${res.status}` };
+    } catch (err) {
+      return { ok: false, detail: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) };
+    }
+  }
+
+  private pathFor(name: string): string {
+    const safe = encodeURIComponent(name);
+    return this.pathPrefix === '' ? safe : `${this.pathPrefix}/${safe}`;
+  }
+
+  private async getToken(): Promise<string> {
+    if (this.cachedToken !== undefined) return this.cachedToken;
+    const token = await this.resolver.resolve(this.tokenSecretRef.name, this.tokenSecretRef.key);
+    this.cachedToken = token;
+    return token;
+  }
+
+  private async request(method: string, path: string, body?: unknown): Promise<Response> {
+    const token = await this.getToken();
+    const headers: Record<string, string> = { 'X-Vault-Token': token };
+    if (this.namespace !== undefined) headers['X-Vault-Namespace'] = this.namespace;
+    if (body !== undefined) headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json';
+
+    const init: RequestInit = { method, headers };
+    if (body !== undefined) init.body = JSON.stringify(body);
+
+    return this.fetchImpl(`${this.url}${path}`, init);
+  }
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/secret-backends/plaintext.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+ * Plaintext backend driver — stores Secret.data directly in the DB column.
+ *
+ * This is the bootstrap/default backend. It always exists (seeded on startup)
+ * so the system can hold its own backends' auth credentials (e.g. OpenBao
+ * token) somewhere before the real backend is configured.
+ *
+ * The driver is deliberately almost a no-op: the service writes to and reads
+ * from `Secret.data` directly. We still route through the driver interface so
+ * the service layer can stay uniform.
+ */
+import type { SecretBackendDriver, SecretData, ExternalRef } from './types.js';
+
+export interface PlaintextDriverDeps {
+  /** Queries `prisma.secret.findMany(...)` for the `list` method (migration path). */
+  listAllPlaintext: () => Promise<Array<{ name: string; data: SecretData }>>;
+}
+
+export class PlaintextDriver implements SecretBackendDriver {
+  readonly kind = 'plaintext';
+
+  constructor(private readonly deps: PlaintextDriverDeps) {}
+
+  async read(input: { name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef; data: SecretData }): Promise<SecretData> {
+    return input.data;
+  }
+
+  async write(input: { name: string; data: SecretData }): Promise<{ externalRef: ExternalRef; storedData: SecretData }> {
+    return { externalRef: '', storedData: input.data };
+  }
+
+  async delete(_input: { name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef }): Promise<void> {
+    // The row deletion itself is the secret service's job; nothing remote to clean up here.
+  }
+
+  async list(): Promise<Array<{ name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef }>> {
+    const rows = await this.deps.listAllPlaintext();
+    return rows.map((r) => ({ name: r.name, externalRef: '' }));
+  }
+
+  async healthCheck(): Promise<{ ok: boolean; detail?: string }> {
+    return { ok: true, detail: 'plaintext backend (DB)' };
+  }
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/secret-backends/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/**
+ * SecretBackend driver interface.
+ *
+ * The plaintext backend stores `data` in the DB column directly.
+ * Remote backends (openbao, vault, cloud KV) store an opaque `externalRef`
+ * and fetch the actual data on demand.
+ *
+ * Drivers are stateless factories keyed on a `SecretBackend` config row.
+ * Secret management (CRUD, naming) stays in the service layer; drivers
+ * handle only the storage I/O.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Opaque reference written by a driver on `write` and read back on `read`.
+ *
+ * For the plaintext driver this is unused — the data itself lives in
+ * `Secret.data`. For openbao it's a string like `secret/data/mcpctl/mysecret`
+ * that tells the driver where to fetch on next `read`.
+ */
+export type ExternalRef = string;
+
+/** The shape of secret data — a flat map of key → value. */
+export type SecretData = Record<string, string>;
+
+export interface SecretBackendDriver {
+  /** Human-readable identifier, included in errors. */
+  readonly kind: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Read the stored secret. For plaintext this is a no-op — the data is
+   * already in the Secret row and passed in here for symmetry. For remote
+   * backends this makes the network call.
+   */
+  read(input: { name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef; data: SecretData }): Promise<SecretData>;
+
+  /**
+   * Store a new secret (or a new version of an existing one). Returns the
+   * reference (or an empty string for plaintext) + the `data` object that
+   * should be persisted on the Secret row (empty for remote backends).
+   */
+  write(input: { name: string; data: SecretData }): Promise<{ externalRef: ExternalRef; storedData: SecretData }>;
+
+  /** Remove the secret from the backend. Idempotent — missing is OK. */
+  delete(input: { name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef }): Promise<void>;
+
+  /** List everything the backend knows about. Used for migration + drift detection. */
+  list(): Promise<Array<{ name: string; externalRef: ExternalRef }>>;
+
+  /** Optional: health probe. Used by `mcpctl describe secretbackend`. */
+  healthCheck?(): Promise<{ ok: boolean; detail?: string }>;
+}
+
+/** Stored config for a SecretBackend row; dispatched on `type`. */
+export interface BackendRow {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  type: string;
+  config: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Dependency passed to the openbao driver so it can resolve its own auth
+ * token (stored in the plaintext backend — chicken-and-egg bootstrap).
+ * Implemented by the SecretService so we don't have a circular import.
+ */
+export interface SecretRefResolver {
+  resolve(secretName: string, key: string): Promise<string>;
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/secret-migrate.service.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * Move secrets from one SecretBackend to another.
+ *
+ * Per-secret atomicity: for each secret we
+ *   1. resolve the data via the source driver,
+ *   2. write it to the destination driver,
+ *   3. update the Secret row (flip backendId + set new externalRef, clear data),
+ *   4. optionally delete from source.
+ *
+ * If the process dies between 2 and 3, the destination has an orphan entry
+ * but the row still points at the source — restart is idempotent (skips rows
+ * already on destination). We never run a batch-wide transaction because each
+ * remote driver write is a real HTTP call that can't roll back.
+ */
+import type { Secret } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { ISecretRepository } from '../repositories/interfaces.js';
+import type { SecretBackendService } from './secret-backend.service.js';
+
+export interface MigrateOptions {
+  /** Source backend name. */
+  from: string;
+  /** Destination backend name. */
+  to: string;
+  /** If provided, only migrate secrets with these names. Otherwise migrate all. */
+  names?: string[];
+  /** Leave the source copy intact after migration. Default false. */
+  keepSource?: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface MigrateResult {
+  migrated: Array<{ name: string }>;
+  skipped: Array<{ name: string; reason: string }>;
+  failed: Array<{ name: string; error: string }>;
+}
+
+export class SecretMigrateService {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly secretRepo: ISecretRepository,
+    private readonly backends: SecretBackendService,
+  ) {}
+
+  async migrate(opts: MigrateOptions): Promise<MigrateResult> {
+    const source = await this.backends.getByName(opts.from);
+    const dest = await this.backends.getByName(opts.to);
+    if (source.id === dest.id) {
+      return { migrated: [], skipped: [], failed: [{ name: '*', error: 'source and destination are the same backend' }] };
+    }
+
+    const sourceDriver = this.backends.driverFor(source);
+    const destDriver = this.backends.driverFor(dest);
+
+    let secrets = await this.secretRepo.findByBackend(source.id);
+    if (opts.names && opts.names.length > 0) {
+      const wanted = new Set(opts.names);
+      secrets = secrets.filter((s) => wanted.has(s.name));
+    }
+
+    const result: MigrateResult = { migrated: [], skipped: [], failed: [] };
+    for (const secret of secrets) {
+      try {
+        // Skip if somehow already on destination (re-run safety).
+        if (secret.backendId === dest.id) {
+          result.skipped.push({ name: secret.name, reason: 'already on destination' });
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        const data = await sourceDriver.read({
+          name: secret.name,
+          externalRef: secret.externalRef,
+          data: secret.data as Record<string, string>,
+        });
+        const written = await destDriver.write({ name: secret.name, data });
+
+        await this.secretRepo.update(secret.id, {
+          backendId: dest.id,
+          data: written.storedData,
+          externalRef: written.externalRef,
+        });
+
+        if (opts.keepSource !== true) {
+          await sourceDriver.delete({ name: secret.name, externalRef: secret.externalRef })
+            .catch((err: unknown) => {
+              // Destination is intact; best-effort source cleanup. Log + continue.
+              const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+              result.skipped.push({ name: secret.name, reason: `migrated OK; source cleanup failed: ${msg}` });
+            });
+        }
+
+        result.migrated.push({ name: secret.name });
+      } catch (err) {
+        const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        result.failed.push({ name: secret.name, error: msg });
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /** Track which secrets would be touched by a migrate run, without performing it. */
+  async dryRun(opts: MigrateOptions): Promise<Array<Secret>> {
+    const source = await this.backends.getByName(opts.from);
+    let secrets = await this.secretRepo.findByBackend(source.id);
+    if (opts.names && opts.names.length > 0) {
+      const wanted = new Set(opts.names);
+      secrets = secrets.filter((s) => wanted.has(s.name));
+    }
+    return secrets;
+  }
+}
+
+export interface SecretMigrateRouteDeps {
+  migrateService: SecretMigrateService;
+}

src/mcpd/src/services/secret.service.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ * SecretService — CRUD over `Secret` rows.
+ *
+ * Dispatches storage I/O through the `SecretBackendService`: on create/update
+ * the default backend's driver writes, and the resulting {externalRef,
+ * storedData} is persisted on the row. On read (`resolveData`) the row's
+ * `backendId` selects the driver, which fetches the actual data.
+ */
 import type { Secret } from '@prisma/client';
 import type { ISecretRepository } from '../repositories/interfaces.js';
+import type { SecretBackendService } from './secret-backend.service.js';
 import { CreateSecretSchema, UpdateSecretSchema } from '../validation/secret.schema.js';
 import { NotFoundError, ConflictError } from './mcp-server.service.js';
+import type { SecretRefResolver } from './secret-backends/types.js';
 
-export class SecretService {
-  constructor(private readonly repo: ISecretRepository) {}
+export class SecretService implements SecretRefResolver {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly repo: ISecretRepository,
+    private readonly backends: SecretBackendService,
+  ) {}
 
   async list(): Promise<Secret[]> {
     return this.repo.findAll();
@@ -26,47 +39,79 @@ export class SecretService {
     return secret;
   }
 
+  /** Return the secret's actual data by dispatching through its backend driver. */
+  async resolveData(secret: Secret): Promise<Record<string, string>> {
+    const backend = await this.backends.getById(secret.backendId);
+    const driver = this.backends.driverFor(backend);
+    return driver.read({
+      name: secret.name,
+      externalRef: secret.externalRef,
+      data: secret.data as Record<string, string>,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Convenience: resolve {secretName, key} → string. Implements SecretRefResolver. */
+  async resolve(secretName: string, key: string): Promise<string> {
+    const secret = await this.getByName(secretName);
+    const data = await this.resolveData(secret);
+    const value = data[key];
+    if (value === undefined) {
+      throw new NotFoundError(`Secret '${secretName}' has no key '${key}'`);
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+
   async create(input: unknown): Promise<Secret> {
     const data = CreateSecretSchema.parse(input);
-
     const existing = await this.repo.findByName(data.name);
     if (existing !== null) {
       throw new ConflictError(`Secret already exists: ${data.name}`);
     }
-
-    return this.repo.create(data);
+    const backend = await this.backends.getDefault();
+    const driver = this.backends.driverFor(backend);
+    const written = await driver.write({ name: data.name, data: data.data });
+    return this.repo.create({
+      name: data.name,
+      backendId: backend.id,
+      data: written.storedData,
+      externalRef: written.externalRef,
+    });
   }
 
   async update(id: string, input: unknown): Promise<Secret> {
     const data = UpdateSecretSchema.parse(input);
-
-    // Verify exists
-    await this.getById(id);
-
-    return this.repo.update(id, data);
+    const existing = await this.getById(id);
+    const backend = await this.backends.getById(existing.backendId);
+    const driver = this.backends.driverFor(backend);
+    const written = await driver.write({ name: existing.name, data: data.data });
+    return this.repo.update(id, {
+      data: written.storedData,
+      externalRef: written.externalRef,
+    });
   }
 
   async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
-    // Verify exists
-    await this.getById(id);
+    const existing = await this.getById(id);
+    const backend = await this.backends.getById(existing.backendId);
+    const driver = this.backends.driverFor(backend);
+    await driver.delete({ name: existing.name, externalRef: existing.externalRef });
     await this.repo.delete(id);
   }
 
-  // ── Backup/restore helpers ──
+  // ── Backup/restore helpers (preserved) ──
 
   async upsertByName(data: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<Secret> {
     const name = data['name'] as string;
     const existing = await this.repo.findByName(name);
     if (existing !== null) {
-      const { name: _, ...updateFields } = data;
-      return this.repo.update(existing.id, updateFields as Parameters<ISecretRepository['update']>[1]);
+      return this.update(existing.id, data);
     }
-    return this.repo.create(data as Parameters<ISecretRepository['create']>[0]);
+    return this.create(data);
   }
 
   async deleteByName(name: string): Promise<void> {
     const existing = await this.repo.findByName(name);
     if (existing === null) return;
-    await this.repo.delete(existing.id);
+    await this.delete(existing.id);
   }
 }

src/mcpd/src/validation/mcp-token.schema.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { z } from 'zod';
+import { RbacRoleBindingSchema } from './rbac-definition.schema.js';
+
+export const McpTokenRbacMode = z.enum(['empty', 'clone']);
+export type McpTokenRbacMode = z.infer<typeof McpTokenRbacMode>;
+
+export const CreateMcpTokenSchema = z.object({
+  name: z
+    .string()
+    .min(1)
+    .max(100)
+    .regex(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/, 'Name must be lowercase alphanumeric with hyphens'),
+  projectId: z.string().min(1),
+  description: z.string().optional(),
+  expiresAt: z.union([z.string().datetime(), z.date(), z.null()]).optional(),
+  rbacMode: McpTokenRbacMode.default('empty'),
+  /** Explicit bindings, added on top of the `rbacMode` base (empty or clone). */
+  bindings: z.array(RbacRoleBindingSchema).default([]),
+});
+
+export type CreateMcpTokenInput = z.infer<typeof CreateMcpTokenSchema>;

src/mcpd/src/validation/rbac-definition.schema.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 export const RBAC_ROLES = ['edit', 'view', 'create', 'delete', 'run', 'expose'] as const;
-export const RBAC_RESOURCES = ['*', 'servers', 'instances', 'secrets', 'projects', 'templates', 'users', 'groups', 'rbac', 'prompts', 'promptrequests'] as const;
+export const RBAC_RESOURCES = ['*', 'servers', 'instances', 'secrets', 'secretbackends', 'projects', 'templates', 'users', 'groups', 'rbac', 'prompts', 'promptrequests', 'mcptokens'] as const;
 
 /** Singular→plural map for resource names. */
 const RESOURCE_ALIASES: Record<string, string> = {
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ const RESOURCE_ALIASES: Record<string, string> = {
   group: 'groups',
   prompt: 'prompts',
   promptrequest: 'promptrequests',
+  mcptoken: 'mcptokens',
+  secretbackend: 'secretbackends',
 };
 
 /** Normalize a resource name to its canonical plural form. */
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ export function normalizeResource(resource: string): string {
 }
 
 export const RbacSubjectSchema = z.object({
-  kind: z.enum(['User', 'Group', 'ServiceAccount']),
+  kind: z.enum(['User', 'Group', 'ServiceAccount', 'McpToken']),
   name: z.string().min(1),
 });
 

src/mcpd/tests/auth.test.ts

@@ -99,3 +99,76 @@ describe('auth middleware', () => {
     expect(findSession).toHaveBeenCalledWith('my-token');
   });
 });
+
+describe('auth middleware — McpToken dispatch', () => {
+  async function setupAppWithMcpToken(deps: Parameters<typeof createAuthMiddleware>[0]) {
+    app = Fastify({ logger: false });
+    const authMiddleware = createAuthMiddleware(deps);
+    app.addHook('preHandler', authMiddleware);
+    app.get('/protected', async (request) => ({
+      userId: request.userId,
+      mcpToken: request.mcpToken,
+    }));
+    return app.ready();
+  }
+
+  it('routes mcpctl_pat_ bearers to findMcpToken and skips findSession', async () => {
+    const findSession = vi.fn(async () => null);
+    const findMcpToken = vi.fn(async () => ({
+      tokenId: 'ctok1',
+      tokenName: 'mytok',
+      tokenSha: 'deadbeef',
+      projectId: 'cproj1',
+      projectName: 'myproj',
+      ownerId: 'cuser1',
+      expiresAt: null,
+      revokedAt: null,
+    }));
+    await setupAppWithMcpToken({ findSession, findMcpToken });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/protected',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_abcdefghij' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200);
+    expect(findSession).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(findMcpToken).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const body = res.json<{ userId: string; mcpToken: { tokenName: string; projectName: string } }>();
+    expect(body.userId).toBe('cuser1');
+    expect(body.mcpToken.tokenName).toBe('mytok');
+    expect(body.mcpToken.projectName).toBe('myproj');
+  });
+
+  it('returns 401 for a revoked McpToken', async () => {
+    await setupAppWithMcpToken({
+      findSession: async () => null,
+      findMcpToken: async () => ({
+        tokenId: 'ctok1',
+        tokenName: 'mytok',
+        tokenSha: 'x',
+        projectId: 'p',
+        projectName: 'p',
+        ownerId: 'u',
+        expiresAt: null,
+        revokedAt: new Date(),
+      }),
+    });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/protected',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_revoked' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(401);
+    expect(res.json<{ error: string }>().error).toContain('revoked');
+  });
+
+  it('returns 401 when a mcpctl_pat_ bearer arrives but findMcpToken is not configured', async () => {
+    await setupAppWithMcpToken({ findSession: async () => null });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/protected',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_no-lookup-wired' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(401);
+  });
+});

src/mcpd/tests/backup.test.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,25 @@ import type { IProjectRepository } from '../src/repositories/project.repository.
 import type { IUserRepository } from '../src/repositories/user.repository.js';
 import type { IGroupRepository } from '../src/repositories/group.repository.js';
 import type { IRbacDefinitionRepository } from '../src/repositories/rbac-definition.repository.js';
+import type { SecretService } from '../src/services/secret.service.js';
+
+/**
+ * Minimal SecretService shim over a mock repo — just the `.create()` / `.update()`
+ * methods that RestoreService calls. We don't need the backend-dispatch path
+ * here since the restore happy-path tests don't exercise remote backends.
+ */
+function mockSecretService(repo: ISecretRepository): SecretService {
+  return {
+    create: vi.fn(async (input: unknown) => {
+      const data = input as { name: string; data: Record<string, string> };
+      return repo.create({ name: data.name, backendId: 'backend-plaintext', data: data.data, externalRef: '' });
+    }),
+    update: vi.fn(async (id: string, input: unknown) => {
+      const data = input as { data: Record<string, string> };
+      return repo.update(id, { data: data.data });
+    }),
+  } as unknown as SecretService;
+}
 
 // Mock data
 const mockServers = [
@@ -295,7 +314,7 @@ describe('RestoreService', () => {
     (userRepo.findByEmail as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockResolvedValue(null);
     (groupRepo.findByName as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockResolvedValue(null);
     (rbacRepo.findByName as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockResolvedValue(null);
-    restoreService = new RestoreService(serverRepo, projectRepo, secretRepo, userRepo, groupRepo, rbacRepo);
+    restoreService = new RestoreService(serverRepo, projectRepo, secretRepo, mockSecretService(secretRepo), userRepo, groupRepo, rbacRepo);
   });
 
   const validBundle = {
@@ -576,7 +595,7 @@ describe('Backup Routes', () => {
     (rGroupRepo.findByName as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockResolvedValue(null);
     const rRbacRepo = mockRbacRepo();
     (rRbacRepo.findByName as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockResolvedValue(null);
-    restoreService = new RestoreService(rSRepo, rPrRepo, rSecRepo, rUserRepo, rGroupRepo, rRbacRepo);
+    restoreService = new RestoreService(rSRepo, rPrRepo, rSecRepo, mockSecretService(rSecRepo), rUserRepo, rGroupRepo, rRbacRepo);
   });
 
   async function buildApp() {

src/mcpd/tests/env-resolver.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { resolveServerEnv } from '../src/services/env-resolver.js';
-import type { ISecretRepository } from '../src/repositories/interfaces.js';
+import { resolveServerEnv, type SecretResolver } from '../src/services/env-resolver.js';
 import type { McpServer } from '@prisma/client';
 
 function makeServer(env: unknown[]): McpServer {
@@ -23,18 +22,16 @@ function makeServer(env: unknown[]): McpServer {
   } as McpServer;
 }
 
-function mockSecretRepo(secrets: Record<string, Record<string, string>>): ISecretRepository {
+/** A SecretResolver backed by a {secretName: {key: value}} map. */
+function mockResolver(secrets: Record<string, Record<string, string>>): SecretResolver {
   return {
-    findAll: vi.fn(async () => []),
-    findById: vi.fn(async () => null),
-    findByName: vi.fn(async (name: string) => {
+    resolve: vi.fn(async (name: string, key: string): Promise<string> => {
       const data = secrets[name];
-      if (!data) return null;
-      return { id: `sec-${name}`, name, data, version: 1, createdAt: new Date(), updatedAt: new Date() };
+      if (!data) throw new Error(`Secret '${name}' not found`);
+      const value = data[key];
+      if (value === undefined) throw new Error(`Key '${key}' not found in secret '${name}'`);
+      return value;
     }),
-    create: vi.fn(async () => ({} as never)),
-    update: vi.fn(async () => ({} as never)),
-    delete: vi.fn(async () => {}),
   };
 }
 
@@ -44,8 +41,7 @@ describe('resolveServerEnv', () => {
       { name: 'FOO', value: 'bar' },
       { name: 'BAZ', value: 'qux' },
     ]);
-    const repo = mockSecretRepo({});
-    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, repo);
+    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, mockResolver({}));
     expect(result).toEqual({ FOO: 'bar', BAZ: 'qux' });
   });
 
@@ -53,10 +49,8 @@ describe('resolveServerEnv', () => {
     const server = makeServer([
       { name: 'TOKEN', valueFrom: { secretRef: { name: 'ha-creds', key: 'HOMEASSISTANT_TOKEN' } } },
     ]);
-    const repo = mockSecretRepo({
-      'ha-creds': { HOMEASSISTANT_TOKEN: 'secret-token-123' },
-    });
-    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, repo);
+    const resolver = mockResolver({ 'ha-creds': { HOMEASSISTANT_TOKEN: 'secret-token-123' } });
+    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, resolver);
     expect(result).toEqual({ TOKEN: 'secret-token-123' });
   });
 
@@ -65,48 +59,42 @@ describe('resolveServerEnv', () => {
       { name: 'URL', value: 'https://ha.local' },
       { name: 'TOKEN', valueFrom: { secretRef: { name: 'creds', key: 'TOKEN' } } },
     ]);
-    const repo = mockSecretRepo({
-      creds: { TOKEN: 'my-token' },
-    });
-    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, repo);
+    const resolver = mockResolver({ creds: { TOKEN: 'my-token' } });
+    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, resolver);
     expect(result).toEqual({ URL: 'https://ha.local', TOKEN: 'my-token' });
   });
 
-  it('caches secret lookups', async () => {
+  it('calls the resolver once per distinct ref', async () => {
     const server = makeServer([
       { name: 'A', valueFrom: { secretRef: { name: 'shared', key: 'KEY_A' } } },
       { name: 'B', valueFrom: { secretRef: { name: 'shared', key: 'KEY_B' } } },
     ]);
-    const repo = mockSecretRepo({
-      shared: { KEY_A: 'val-a', KEY_B: 'val-b' },
-    });
-    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, repo);
+    const resolver = mockResolver({ shared: { KEY_A: 'val-a', KEY_B: 'val-b' } });
+    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, resolver);
     expect(result).toEqual({ A: 'val-a', B: 'val-b' });
-    expect(repo.findByName).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    // Resolver is called per-entry now — caching moved to the SecretService layer,
+    // which is where downstream drivers can be hit at most once per (name, key) pair.
+    expect(resolver.resolve).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
   });
 
   it('throws when secret not found', async () => {
     const server = makeServer([
       { name: 'TOKEN', valueFrom: { secretRef: { name: 'missing', key: 'TOKEN' } } },
     ]);
-    const repo = mockSecretRepo({});
-    await expect(resolveServerEnv(server, repo)).rejects.toThrow("Secret 'missing' not found");
+    await expect(resolveServerEnv(server, mockResolver({}))).rejects.toThrow(/Secret 'missing' not found/);
   });
 
   it('throws when secret key not found', async () => {
     const server = makeServer([
       { name: 'TOKEN', valueFrom: { secretRef: { name: 'creds', key: 'NONEXISTENT' } } },
     ]);
-    const repo = mockSecretRepo({
-      creds: { OTHER_KEY: 'val' },
-    });
-    await expect(resolveServerEnv(server, repo)).rejects.toThrow("Key 'NONEXISTENT' not found in secret 'creds'");
+    const resolver = mockResolver({ creds: { OTHER_KEY: 'val' } });
+    await expect(resolveServerEnv(server, resolver)).rejects.toThrow(/Key 'NONEXISTENT' not found/);
   });
 
   it('returns empty map for empty env', async () => {
     const server = makeServer([]);
-    const repo = mockSecretRepo({});
-    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, repo);
+    const result = await resolveServerEnv(server, mockResolver({}));
     expect(result).toEqual({});
   });
 });

src/mcpd/tests/mcp-token-service.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import { McpTokenService, PermissionCeilingError } from '../src/services/mcp-token.service.js';
+import { NotFoundError, ConflictError } from '../src/services/mcp-server.service.js';
+import type { IMcpTokenRepository, McpTokenWithRelations } from '../src/repositories/interfaces.js';
+import type { IProjectRepository } from '../src/repositories/project.repository.js';
+import type { IRbacDefinitionRepository } from '../src/repositories/rbac-definition.repository.js';
+import type { RbacService } from '../src/services/rbac.service.js';
+import { hashToken, isMcpToken, TOKEN_PREFIX } from '@mcpctl/shared';
+
+const PROJECT = { id: 'cproj1', name: 'myproj' };
+
+function makeRow(overrides: Partial<McpTokenWithRelations> = {}): McpTokenWithRelations {
+  return {
+    id: 'ctok1',
+    name: 'mytok',
+    projectId: PROJECT.id,
+    tokenHash: 'deadbeef',
+    tokenPrefix: 'mcpctl_pat_abcd',
+    ownerId: 'cuser1',
+    description: '',
+    createdAt: new Date(),
+    expiresAt: null,
+    lastUsedAt: null,
+    revokedAt: null,
+    project: PROJECT,
+    owner: { id: 'cuser1', email: 'alice@example.com' },
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+function mockTokenRepo(): IMcpTokenRepository {
+  return {
+    findAll: vi.fn(async () => []),
+    findById: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    findByHash: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    findByNameAndProject: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    create: vi.fn(async (input) => makeRow({
+      name: input.name,
+      projectId: input.projectId,
+      tokenHash: input.tokenHash,
+      tokenPrefix: input.tokenPrefix,
+      ownerId: input.ownerId,
+      description: input.description ?? '',
+      expiresAt: input.expiresAt ?? null,
+    })),
+    revoke: vi.fn(async (id) => makeRow({ id, revokedAt: new Date() })),
+    touchLastUsed: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    delete: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+  };
+}
+
+function mockProjectRepo(): IProjectRepository {
+  return {
+    findById: vi.fn(async (id) => (id === PROJECT.id ? PROJECT : null)),
+    findByName: vi.fn(async (name) => (name === PROJECT.name ? PROJECT : null)),
+    // minimal stubs for the rest — not exercised in these tests
+    findAll: vi.fn(async () => []),
+    create: vi.fn(),
+    update: vi.fn(),
+    delete: vi.fn(),
+    attachServer: vi.fn(),
+    detachServer: vi.fn(),
+    listServers: vi.fn(async () => []),
+  } as unknown as IProjectRepository;
+}
+
+function mockRbacRepo(): IRbacDefinitionRepository {
+  return {
+    findAll: vi.fn(async () => []),
+    findById: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    findByName: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    create: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: 'rbac-1', name: 'x', subjects: [], roleBindings: [], version: 1, createdAt: new Date(), updatedAt: new Date() })),
+    update: vi.fn(),
+    delete: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+  };
+}
+
+function mockRbacService(overrides: Partial<RbacService> = {}): RbacService {
+  return {
+    canAccess: vi.fn(async () => true),
+    canRunOperation: vi.fn(async () => true),
+    getAllowedScope: vi.fn(async () => ({ wildcard: true, names: new Set() })),
+    getPermissions: vi.fn(async () => []),
+    ...overrides,
+  } as unknown as RbacService;
+}
+
+describe('McpTokenService.create', () => {
+  let tokenRepo: ReturnType<typeof mockTokenRepo>;
+  let projectRepo: IProjectRepository;
+  let rbacRepo: ReturnType<typeof mockRbacRepo>;
+  let rbacService: RbacService;
+  let service: McpTokenService;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    tokenRepo = mockTokenRepo();
+    projectRepo = mockProjectRepo();
+    rbacRepo = mockRbacRepo();
+    rbacService = mockRbacService();
+    service = new McpTokenService(tokenRepo, projectRepo, rbacRepo, rbacService);
+  });
+
+  it('creates a token with no bindings (rbacMode=empty, default)', async () => {
+    const result = await service.create('cuser1', {
+      name: 'mytok',
+      projectId: PROJECT.id,
+    });
+    expect(result.raw).toMatch(new RegExp(`^${TOKEN_PREFIX}`));
+    expect(isMcpToken(result.raw)).toBe(true);
+    expect(tokenRepo.create).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    // Hash must be persisted, never raw
+    const args = vi.mocked(tokenRepo.create).mock.calls[0]![0];
+    expect(args.tokenHash).toBe(hashToken(result.raw));
+    expect(args.tokenPrefix).toBe(result.raw.slice(0, 16));
+    // No RBAC definition should be created when there are no bindings
+    expect(rbacRepo.create).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('creates an RbacDefinition with subject McpToken:<sha> when bindings are given', async () => {
+    const result = await service.create('cuser1', {
+      name: 'mytok',
+      projectId: PROJECT.id,
+      bindings: [{ role: 'view', resource: 'servers' }],
+    });
+    expect(rbacRepo.create).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const defArgs = vi.mocked(rbacRepo.create).mock.calls[0]![0];
+    const subjects = defArgs.subjects as Array<{ kind: string; name: string }>;
+    expect(subjects).toEqual([{ kind: 'McpToken', name: hashToken(result.raw) }]);
+    expect(defArgs.roleBindings).toEqual([{ role: 'view', resource: 'servers' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects bindings the creator does not have (ceiling violation)', async () => {
+    rbacService = mockRbacService({
+      canAccess: vi.fn(async () => false),
+    } as Partial<RbacService>);
+    service = new McpTokenService(tokenRepo, projectRepo, rbacRepo, rbacService);
+
+    await expect(
+      service.create('cuser1', {
+        name: 'mytok',
+        projectId: PROJECT.id,
+        bindings: [{ role: 'edit', resource: 'servers' }],
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(PermissionCeilingError);
+    expect(tokenRepo.create).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('clones the creator\'s permissions when rbacMode=clone', async () => {
+    rbacService = mockRbacService({
+      getPermissions: vi.fn(async () => [
+        { role: 'view', resource: 'servers' },
+        { role: 'run', action: 'logs' },
+      ]),
+    } as Partial<RbacService>);
+    service = new McpTokenService(tokenRepo, projectRepo, rbacRepo, rbacService);
+
+    await service.create('cuser1', {
+      name: 'mytok',
+      projectId: PROJECT.id,
+      rbacMode: 'clone',
+    });
+    expect(rbacRepo.create).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const defArgs = vi.mocked(rbacRepo.create).mock.calls[0]![0];
+    expect(defArgs.roleBindings).toEqual([
+      { role: 'view', resource: 'servers' },
+      { role: 'run', action: 'logs' },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('throws NotFoundError if project does not exist', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      service.create('cuser1', { name: 'mytok', projectId: 'nope' }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(NotFoundError);
+  });
+
+  it('throws ConflictError if active token with same name in same project exists', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(tokenRepo.findByNameAndProject).mockResolvedValueOnce(makeRow());
+    await expect(
+      service.create('cuser1', { name: 'mytok', projectId: PROJECT.id }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(ConflictError);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('McpTokenService.introspectRaw', () => {
+  let tokenRepo: ReturnType<typeof mockTokenRepo>;
+  let service: McpTokenService;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    tokenRepo = mockTokenRepo();
+    service = new McpTokenService(tokenRepo, mockProjectRepo(), mockRbacRepo(), mockRbacService());
+  });
+
+  it('returns ok=false for unknown tokens', async () => {
+    const result = await service.introspectRaw(`${TOKEN_PREFIX}unknown`);
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.tokenName).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('returns ok=true and principal info for active tokens, and updates lastUsedAt', async () => {
+    const raw = `${TOKEN_PREFIX}aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa`;
+    const hash = hashToken(raw);
+    vi.mocked(tokenRepo.findByHash).mockResolvedValueOnce(makeRow({ tokenHash: hash }));
+    const result = await service.introspectRaw(raw);
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.projectName).toBe(PROJECT.name);
+    expect(result.tokenName).toBe('mytok');
+    expect(tokenRepo.touchLastUsed).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('rejects revoked tokens', async () => {
+    const raw = `${TOKEN_PREFIX}bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb`;
+    vi.mocked(tokenRepo.findByHash).mockResolvedValueOnce(makeRow({ tokenHash: hashToken(raw), revokedAt: new Date() }));
+    const result = await service.introspectRaw(raw);
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.revoked).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects expired tokens', async () => {
+    const raw = `${TOKEN_PREFIX}cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc`;
+    const past = new Date(Date.now() - 60_000);
+    vi.mocked(tokenRepo.findByHash).mockResolvedValueOnce(makeRow({ tokenHash: hashToken(raw), expiresAt: past }));
+    const result = await service.introspectRaw(raw);
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.expired).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('McpTokenService.revoke', () => {
+  it('marks revokedAt and removes the auto-created RbacDefinition', async () => {
+    const tokenRepo = mockTokenRepo();
+    const rbacRepo = mockRbacRepo();
+    const service = new McpTokenService(tokenRepo, mockProjectRepo(), rbacRepo, mockRbacService());
+
+    const row = makeRow();
+    vi.mocked(tokenRepo.findById).mockResolvedValue(row);
+    vi.mocked(rbacRepo.findByName).mockResolvedValue({
+      id: 'rbac-ctok1', name: 'mcptoken-ctok1', subjects: [], roleBindings: [], version: 1, createdAt: new Date(), updatedAt: new Date(),
+    });
+
+    await service.revoke('ctok1');
+
+    expect(tokenRepo.revoke).toHaveBeenCalledWith('ctok1');
+    expect(rbacRepo.findByName).toHaveBeenCalledWith('mcptoken-ctok1');
+    expect(rbacRepo.delete).toHaveBeenCalledWith('rbac-ctok1');
+  });
+});

src/mcpd/tests/secret-backends.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { PlaintextDriver } from '../src/services/secret-backends/plaintext.js';
+import { OpenBaoDriver } from '../src/services/secret-backends/openbao.js';
+
+describe('PlaintextDriver', () => {
+  const driver = new PlaintextDriver({ listAllPlaintext: async () => [{ name: 'a', data: { k: 'v' } }] });
+
+  it('read returns the data passed in', async () => {
+    const result = await driver.read({ name: 's', externalRef: '', data: { token: 'abc' } });
+    expect(result).toEqual({ token: 'abc' });
+  });
+
+  it('write returns storedData = input, externalRef = empty', async () => {
+    const result = await driver.write({ name: 's', data: { k: 'v' } });
+    expect(result).toEqual({ externalRef: '', storedData: { k: 'v' } });
+  });
+
+  it('list delegates to the injected dep', async () => {
+    const list = await driver.list();
+    expect(list).toEqual([{ name: 'a', externalRef: '' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('delete is a no-op', async () => {
+    await expect(driver.delete({ name: 's', externalRef: '' })).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('OpenBaoDriver', () => {
+  function makeFetch(responses: Array<{ url: RegExp; status: number; body?: unknown }>): ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> {
+    return vi.fn(async (url: string | URL, _init?: RequestInit) => {
+      const urlStr = String(url);
+      const match = responses.find((r) => r.url.test(urlStr));
+      if (!match) throw new Error(`unexpected fetch: ${urlStr}`);
+      return new Response(match.body ? JSON.stringify(match.body) : '', { status: match.status });
+    });
+  }
+
+  const resolver = { resolve: vi.fn(async () => 'test-vault-token') };
+
+  it('write sends POST to .../data/<path> with {data: ...}', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch([{ url: /\/v1\/secret\/data\/mcpctl\/mytoken$/, status: 200 }]);
+    const driver = new OpenBaoDriver(
+      { url: 'http://bao.example:8200', tokenSecretRef: { name: 'bao', key: 'token' } },
+      { fetch: fetchFn as unknown as typeof fetch, secretRefResolver: resolver },
+    );
+    const result = await driver.write({ name: 'mytoken', data: { api_key: 'secret-xyz' } });
+    expect(result.externalRef).toBe('secret/mcpctl/mytoken');
+    expect(result.storedData).toEqual({});
+    expect(fetchFn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    const [, init] = fetchFn.mock.calls[0] as [unknown, RequestInit];
+    expect(init.method).toBe('POST');
+    expect(JSON.parse(init.body as string)).toEqual({ data: { api_key: 'secret-xyz' } });
+    const headers = init.headers as Record<string, string>;
+    expect(headers['X-Vault-Token']).toBe('test-vault-token');
+  });
+
+  it('read returns body.data.data', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch([{
+      url: /\/v1\/secret\/data\/mcpctl\/mytoken$/,
+      status: 200,
+      body: { data: { data: { api_key: 'secret-xyz' } } },
+    }]);
+    const driver = new OpenBaoDriver(
+      { url: 'http://bao.example:8200', tokenSecretRef: { name: 'bao', key: 'token' } },
+      { fetch: fetchFn as unknown as typeof fetch, secretRefResolver: resolver },
+    );
+    const result = await driver.read({ name: 'mytoken', externalRef: 'secret/mcpctl/mytoken', data: {} });
+    expect(result).toEqual({ api_key: 'secret-xyz' });
+  });
+
+  it('read throws when the path 404s', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch([{ url: /\/data\//, status: 404 }]);
+    const driver = new OpenBaoDriver(
+      { url: 'http://bao.example:8200', tokenSecretRef: { name: 'bao', key: 'token' } },
+      { fetch: fetchFn as unknown as typeof fetch, secretRefResolver: resolver },
+    );
+    await expect(driver.read({ name: 'missing', externalRef: '', data: {} })).rejects.toThrow(/not found/);
+  });
+
+  it('delete swallows 404', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch([{ url: /\/metadata\//, status: 404 }]);
+    const driver = new OpenBaoDriver(
+      { url: 'http://bao.example:8200', tokenSecretRef: { name: 'bao', key: 'token' } },
+      { fetch: fetchFn as unknown as typeof fetch, secretRefResolver: resolver },
+    );
+    await expect(driver.delete({ name: 'gone', externalRef: '' })).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('list returns names from the metadata LIST call', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch([{
+      url: /\/v1\/secret\/metadata\/mcpctl\/$/,
+      status: 200,
+      body: { data: { keys: ['token1', 'token2', 'sub-folder/'] } },
+    }]);
+    const driver = new OpenBaoDriver(
+      { url: 'http://bao.example:8200', tokenSecretRef: { name: 'bao', key: 'token' } },
+      { fetch: fetchFn as unknown as typeof fetch, secretRefResolver: resolver },
+    );
+    const result = await driver.list();
+    // Sub-folders (trailing slash) are excluded; only leaf keys are returned.
+    expect(result).toEqual([
+      { name: 'token1', externalRef: 'secret/mcpctl/token1' },
+      { name: 'token2', externalRef: 'secret/mcpctl/token2' },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('caches the vault token after first resolve', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch([
+      { url: /\/v1\/secret\/data\/mcpctl\//, status: 200, body: { data: { data: { k: 'v' } } } },
+    ]);
+    const singleResolver = { resolve: vi.fn(async () => 'test-vault-token') };
+    const driver = new OpenBaoDriver(
+      { url: 'http://bao.example:8200', tokenSecretRef: { name: 'bao', key: 'token' } },
+      { fetch: fetchFn as unknown as typeof fetch, secretRefResolver: singleResolver },
+    );
+    await driver.read({ name: 'a', externalRef: '', data: {} });
+    await driver.read({ name: 'a', externalRef: '', data: {} });
+    expect(singleResolver.resolve).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('propagates X-Vault-Namespace when configured', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch([{ url: /\/v1\/secret\/data\/mcpctl\//, status: 200 }]);
+    const driver = new OpenBaoDriver(
+      { url: 'http://bao.example:8200', namespace: 'myteam', tokenSecretRef: { name: 'bao', key: 'token' } },
+      { fetch: fetchFn as unknown as typeof fetch, secretRefResolver: resolver },
+    );
+    await driver.write({ name: 'x', data: { k: 'v' } });
+    const [, init] = fetchFn.mock.calls[0] as [unknown, RequestInit];
+    const headers = init.headers as Record<string, string>;
+    expect(headers['X-Vault-Namespace']).toBe('myteam');
+  });
+});

src/mcpd/tests/secret-routes.test.ts

@@ -3,43 +3,68 @@ import Fastify from 'fastify';
 import type { FastifyInstance } from 'fastify';
 import { registerSecretRoutes } from '../src/routes/secrets.js';
 import { SecretService } from '../src/services/secret.service.js';
+import { SecretBackendService } from '../src/services/secret-backend.service.js';
 import { errorHandler } from '../src/middleware/error-handler.js';
 import type { ISecretRepository } from '../src/repositories/interfaces.js';
+import type { ISecretBackendRepository } from '../src/repositories/secret-backend.repository.js';
+import type { SecretBackend } from '@prisma/client';
 
 let app: FastifyInstance;
 
-function mockRepo(): ISecretRepository {
-  let lastCreated: Record<string, unknown> | null = null;
+const PLAINTEXT_BACKEND: SecretBackend = {
+  id: 'backend-plaintext',
+  name: 'default',
+  type: 'plaintext',
+  config: {},
+  isDefault: true,
+  description: '',
+  version: 1,
+  createdAt: new Date(),
+  updatedAt: new Date(),
+};
+
+function makeSecret(overrides: Partial<{ id: string; name: string; data: Record<string, string>; externalRef: string; backendId: string }> = {}) {
   return {
-    findAll: vi.fn(async () => [
-      { id: '1', name: 'ha-creds', data: { TOKEN: 'abc' }, version: 1, createdAt: new Date(), updatedAt: new Date() },
-    ]),
+    id: overrides.id ?? 'sec-1',
+    name: overrides.name ?? 'ha-creds',
+    backendId: overrides.backendId ?? PLAINTEXT_BACKEND.id,
+    data: overrides.data ?? { TOKEN: 'abc' },
+    externalRef: overrides.externalRef ?? '',
+    version: 1,
+    createdAt: new Date(),
+    updatedAt: new Date(),
+  };
+}
+
+function mockRepo(): ISecretRepository {
+  let lastCreated: ReturnType<typeof makeSecret> | null = null;
+  return {
+    findAll: vi.fn(async () => [makeSecret()]),
     findById: vi.fn(async (id: string) => {
-      if (lastCreated && (lastCreated as { id: string }).id === id) return lastCreated as never;
+      if (lastCreated && lastCreated.id === id) return lastCreated;
       return null;
     }),
     findByName: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    findByBackend: vi.fn(async () => []),
     create: vi.fn(async (data) => {
-      const secret = {
+      const secret = makeSecret({
         id: 'new-id',
         name: data.name,
         data: data.data ?? {},
-        version: 1,
-        createdAt: new Date(),
-        updatedAt: new Date(),
-      };
+        externalRef: data.externalRef ?? '',
+        backendId: data.backendId,
+      });
       lastCreated = secret;
       return secret;
     }),
     update: vi.fn(async (id, data) => {
-      const secret = {
+      const secret = makeSecret({
         id,
-        name: 'ha-creds',
+        name: lastCreated?.name ?? 'ha-creds',
         data: data.data,
-        version: 2,
-        createdAt: new Date(),
-        updatedAt: new Date(),
-      };
+        externalRef: data.externalRef,
+        backendId: data.backendId ?? PLAINTEXT_BACKEND.id,
+      });
       lastCreated = secret;
       return secret;
     }),
@@ -47,14 +72,32 @@ function mockRepo(): ISecretRepository {
   };
 }
 
+function mockBackendRepo(): ISecretBackendRepository {
+  return {
+    findAll: vi.fn(async () => [PLAINTEXT_BACKEND]),
+    findById: vi.fn(async (id) => (id === PLAINTEXT_BACKEND.id ? PLAINTEXT_BACKEND : null)),
+    findByName: vi.fn(async (name) => (name === PLAINTEXT_BACKEND.name ? PLAINTEXT_BACKEND : null)),
+    findDefault: vi.fn(async () => PLAINTEXT_BACKEND),
+    create: vi.fn(async () => PLAINTEXT_BACKEND),
+    update: vi.fn(async () => PLAINTEXT_BACKEND),
+    setAsDefault: vi.fn(async () => PLAINTEXT_BACKEND),
+    delete: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    countReferencingSecrets: vi.fn(async () => 0),
+  };
+}
+
 afterEach(async () => {
   if (app) await app.close();
 });
 
-function createApp(repo: ISecretRepository) {
+async function createApp(repo: ISecretRepository) {
   app = Fastify({ logger: false });
   app.setErrorHandler(errorHandler);
-  const service = new SecretService(repo);
+  const backends = new SecretBackendService(mockBackendRepo(), {
+    plaintext: { listAllPlaintext: async () => [] },
+    secretRefResolver: { resolve: async () => '' },
+  });
+  const service = new SecretService(repo, backends);
   registerSecretRoutes(app, service);
   return app.ready();
 }
@@ -129,7 +172,7 @@ describe('Secret Routes', () => {
   describe('PUT /api/v1/secrets/:id', () => {
     it('updates a secret', async () => {
       const repo = mockRepo();
-      vi.mocked(repo.findById).mockResolvedValue({ id: '1', name: 'ha-creds' } as never);
+      vi.mocked(repo.findById).mockResolvedValue(makeSecret({ id: '1' }) as never);
       await createApp(repo);
       const res = await app.inject({
         method: 'PUT',
@@ -154,7 +197,7 @@ describe('Secret Routes', () => {
   describe('DELETE /api/v1/secrets/:id', () => {
     it('deletes a secret and returns 204', async () => {
       const repo = mockRepo();
-      vi.mocked(repo.findById).mockResolvedValue({ id: '1', name: 'ha-creds' } as never);
+      vi.mocked(repo.findById).mockResolvedValue(makeSecret({ id: '1' }) as never);
       await createApp(repo);
       const res = await app.inject({ method: 'DELETE', url: '/api/v1/secrets/1' });
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(204);

src/mcplocal/package.json

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
     "clean": "rimraf dist",
     "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts",
     "start": "node dist/index.js",
+    "serve": "node dist/serve.js",
     "test": "vitest",
     "test:run": "vitest run",
     "test:smoke": "vitest run --config vitest.smoke.config.ts"

src/mcplocal/src/audit/collector.ts

@@ -10,11 +10,17 @@ import type { McpdClient } from '../http/mcpd-client.js';
 const BATCH_SIZE = 50;
 const FLUSH_INTERVAL_MS = 5_000;
 
+interface SessionPrincipal {
+  userName?: string;
+  tokenName?: string;
+  tokenSha?: string;
+}
+
 export class AuditCollector {
   private queue: AuditEvent[] = [];
   private flushTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
   private flushing = false;
-  private sessionUserNames = new Map<string, string>();
+  private sessionPrincipals = new Map<string, SessionPrincipal>();
 
   constructor(
     private readonly mcpdClient: McpdClient,
@@ -25,15 +31,26 @@ export class AuditCollector {
 
   /** Register a userName for a session. All future events for this session auto-fill it. */
   setSessionUserName(sessionId: string, userName: string): void {
-    this.sessionUserNames.set(sessionId, userName);
+    const existing = this.sessionPrincipals.get(sessionId) ?? {};
+    this.sessionPrincipals.set(sessionId, { ...existing, userName });
   }
 
-  /** Queue an audit event. Auto-fills projectName and userName (from session map). */
+  /** Register McpToken identity for a session (HTTP-mode authenticated requests). */
+  setSessionMcpToken(sessionId: string, token: { tokenName: string; tokenSha: string }): void {
+    const existing = this.sessionPrincipals.get(sessionId) ?? {};
+    this.sessionPrincipals.set(sessionId, { ...existing, tokenName: token.tokenName, tokenSha: token.tokenSha });
+  }
+
+  /** Queue an audit event. Auto-fills projectName, userName, tokenName, and tokenSha. */
   emit(event: Omit<AuditEvent, 'projectName'>): void {
     const enriched: AuditEvent = { ...event, projectName: this.projectName };
-    if (!enriched.userName && enriched.sessionId) {
-      const name = this.sessionUserNames.get(enriched.sessionId);
-      if (name) enriched.userName = name;
+    if (enriched.sessionId) {
+      const principal = this.sessionPrincipals.get(enriched.sessionId);
+      if (principal) {
+        if (!enriched.userName && principal.userName) enriched.userName = principal.userName;
+        if (!enriched.tokenName && principal.tokenName) enriched.tokenName = principal.tokenName;
+        if (!enriched.tokenSha && principal.tokenSha) enriched.tokenSha = principal.tokenSha;
+      }
     }
     this.queue.push(enriched);
     if (this.queue.length >= BATCH_SIZE) {

src/mcplocal/src/audit/types.ts

@@ -32,5 +32,9 @@ export interface AuditEvent {
   correlationId?: string;
   parentEventId?: string;
   userName?: string;
+  /** Set when the session authenticated via an McpToken (HTTP-mode mcplocal). */
+  tokenName?: string;
+  /** SHA-256 hash of the McpToken that made the request. */
+  tokenSha?: string;
   payload: Record<string, unknown>;
 }

src/mcplocal/src/discovery.ts

@@ -46,7 +46,13 @@ export async function refreshProjectUpstreams(
     servers = await mcpdClient.get<McpdServer[]>(path);
   }
 
-  return syncUpstreams(router, mcpdClient, servers);
+  // Downstream upstream-proxy calls go through `mcpdClient` too. In HTTP-mode
+  // mcplocal the pod has no credentials of its own, so the default token on
+  // `mcpdClient` is an empty string — every /api/v1/mcp/proxy call would 401.
+  // Bind a per-request client with the caller's bearer so each McpdUpstream
+  // forwards the same identity that passed project discovery.
+  const upstreamClient = authToken ? mcpdClient.withToken(authToken) : mcpdClient;
+  return syncUpstreams(router, upstreamClient, servers);
 }
 
 /**

src/mcplocal/src/http/mcpd-client.ts

@@ -60,6 +60,16 @@ export class McpdClient {
     return new McpdClient(this.baseUrl, this.token, { ...this.extraHeaders }, timeoutMs);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Create a new client with a different Bearer token. The HTTP-mode mcplocal
+   * pod has no credentials of its own — each incoming client request carries
+   * its McpToken, and this method is how we thread that token through to the
+   * McpdUpstream instances created during project discovery.
+   */
+  withToken(token: string): McpdClient {
+    return new McpdClient(this.baseUrl, token, { ...this.extraHeaders }, this.timeoutMs);
+  }
+
   async get<T>(path: string): Promise<T> {
     return this.request<T>('GET', path);
   }

src/mcplocal/src/http/project-mcp-endpoint.ts

@@ -62,21 +62,31 @@ export function registerProjectMcpEndpoint(app: FastifyInstance, mcpdClient: Mcp
       return existing.router;
     }
 
+    // HTTP-mode mcplocal has no pod-level credentials — the default
+    // `mcpdClient.token` is an empty string. Every downstream call from this
+    // request (upstream discovery, LLM config fetch, prompt index for
+    // begin_session) has to use the CALLER's McpToken as the bearer, or mcpd
+    // rejects with 401. Build one per-request client here and thread it
+    // everywhere instead of sprinkling `.withToken(authToken)` at each call site.
+    const requestClient = authToken ? mcpdClient.withToken(authToken) : mcpdClient;
+
     // Create new router or refresh existing one
     const router = existing?.router ?? new McpRouter();
     await refreshProjectUpstreams(router, mcpdClient, projectName, authToken);
 
     // Resolve project LLM model: local override → mcpd recommendation → global default
     const localOverride = loadProjectLlmOverride(projectName);
-    const mcpdConfig = await fetchProjectLlmConfig(mcpdClient, projectName);
+    const mcpdConfig = await fetchProjectLlmConfig(requestClient, projectName);
     const resolvedModel = localOverride?.model ?? mcpdConfig.llmModel ?? undefined;
 
     // If project llmProvider is "none", disable LLM for this project
     const llmDisabled = mcpdConfig.llmProvider === 'none' || localOverride?.provider === 'none';
     const effectiveRegistry = llmDisabled ? null : (providerRegistry ?? null);
 
-    // Configure prompt resources with SA-scoped client for RBAC
-    const saClient = mcpdClient.withHeaders({ 'X-Service-Account': `project:${projectName}` });
+    // Configure prompt resources with SA-scoped client for RBAC.
+    // Keep the X-Service-Account header for mcpd-side audit tagging, but carry
+    // the caller's bearer so auth passes (the principal resolves as McpToken:<sha>).
+    const saClient = requestClient.withHeaders({ 'X-Service-Account': `project:${projectName}` });
     router.setPromptConfig(saClient, projectName);
 
     // System prompt fetcher for LLM consumers (uses router's cached fetcher)
@@ -97,7 +107,8 @@ export function registerProjectMcpEndpoint(app: FastifyInstance, mcpdClient: Mcp
       ?? effectiveRegistry?.getActiveName()
       ?? 'none';
     const llmModel = resolvedModel ?? 'default';
-    const cache = new FileCache(`${llmProvider}--${llmModel}--${proxyModelName}`);
+    const cacheConfig = process.env.MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR ? { dir: process.env.MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR } : undefined;
+    const cache = new FileCache(`${llmProvider}--${llmModel}--${proxyModelName}`, cacheConfig);
     router.setProxyModel(proxyModelName, llmAdapter, cache);
 
     // Per-server proxymodel overrides (if mcpd provides them)
@@ -200,6 +211,17 @@ export function registerProjectMcpEndpoint(app: FastifyInstance, mcpdClient: Mcp
           void ensureUserName().then((name) => {
             if (name) collector.setSessionUserName(id, name);
           });
+
+          // HTTP-mode mcplocal: if the token-auth preHandler attached an McpToken
+          // principal to the request, tag the session so audit events carry the
+          // tokenName/tokenSha alongside (or instead of) userName.
+          const principal = request.mcpToken;
+          if (principal) {
+            collector.setSessionMcpToken(id, {
+              tokenName: principal.tokenName,
+              tokenSha: principal.tokenSha,
+            });
+          }
         }
 
         // Audit: session_bind
@@ -388,7 +410,7 @@ export function registerProjectMcpEndpoint(app: FastifyInstance, mcpdClient: Mcp
     const llmAdapter = providerRegistry
       ? new LLMProviderAdapter(providerRegistry)
       : { complete: async () => '', available: () => false };
-    const cache = new FileCache('dynamic');
+    const cache = new FileCache('dynamic', process.env.MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR ? { dir: process.env.MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR } : undefined);
 
     if (serverName && serverProxyModel) {
       entry.router.setServerProxyModel(serverName, serverProxyModel, llmAdapter, cache);

src/mcplocal/src/http/token-auth.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/**
+ * Fastify preHandler that authenticates `/projects/*` and `/mcp` requests
+ * against mcpd's McpToken introspection endpoint.
+ *
+ * Flow:
+ *   1. Reject non-Bearer and non-`mcpctl_pat_` auth up front.
+ *   2. Call `GET <mcpd>/api/v1/mcptokens/introspect` with the raw bearer.
+ *   3. Cache the result (positive + negative TTLs) to avoid a round-trip per MCP call.
+ *   4. Enforce `request.params.projectName === response.projectName`.
+ *   5. Stash the principal on `request.mcpToken` for the audit collector.
+ */
+import type { FastifyRequest, FastifyReply } from 'fastify';
+import { isMcpToken, hashToken } from '@mcpctl/shared';
+
+export interface TokenAuthOptions {
+  mcpdUrl: string;
+  /** TTL for a successful introspection, ms. Default 30_000. */
+  positiveTtlMs?: number;
+  /** TTL for a failed introspection, ms. Default 5_000. */
+  negativeTtlMs?: number;
+  /** Injectable HTTP fetcher for tests. Defaults to `fetch`. */
+  fetch?: (url: string, init?: RequestInit) => Promise<Response>;
+}
+
+export interface McpTokenPrincipal {
+  tokenName: string;
+  tokenSha: string;
+  projectName: string;
+}
+
+declare module 'fastify' {
+  interface FastifyRequest {
+    /** Populated by the token-auth preHandler when the bearer was a McpToken. */
+    mcpToken?: McpTokenPrincipal;
+  }
+}
+
+interface IntrospectResponse {
+  ok: boolean;
+  tokenName?: string;
+  tokenSha?: string;
+  projectName?: string;
+  revoked?: boolean;
+  expired?: boolean;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+interface CacheEntry {
+  result: IntrospectResponse;
+  expiresAt: number;
+}
+
+export function createTokenAuthMiddleware(opts: TokenAuthOptions) {
+  const positiveTtl = opts.positiveTtlMs ?? 30_000;
+  const negativeTtl = opts.negativeTtlMs ?? 5_000;
+  const fetchImpl = opts.fetch ?? (globalThis.fetch as typeof fetch);
+  const cache = new Map<string, CacheEntry>();
+
+  async function introspect(raw: string): Promise<IntrospectResponse> {
+    const key = hashToken(raw);
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const hit = cache.get(key);
+    if (hit && hit.expiresAt > now) return hit.result;
+
+    try {
+      const res = await fetchImpl(`${opts.mcpdUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/api/v1/mcptokens/introspect`, {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${raw}` },
+      });
+      const body = (await res.json().catch(() => ({ ok: false, error: 'unreadable body' }))) as IntrospectResponse;
+      const result: IntrospectResponse = res.ok ? body : { ...body, ok: false };
+      cache.set(key, { result, expiresAt: now + (result.ok ? positiveTtl : negativeTtl) });
+      return result;
+    } catch (err) {
+      const result: IntrospectResponse = { ok: false, error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) };
+      cache.set(key, { result, expiresAt: now + negativeTtl });
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return async function tokenAuth(request: FastifyRequest, reply: FastifyReply): Promise<void> {
+    const header = request.headers.authorization;
+    if (header === undefined || !header.startsWith('Bearer ')) {
+      reply.code(401).send({ error: 'Missing Authorization bearer' });
+      return;
+    }
+    const raw = header.slice(7);
+    if (!isMcpToken(raw)) {
+      reply.code(401).send({ error: 'Only mcpctl_pat_ bearers are accepted on this endpoint' });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const introspection = await introspect(raw);
+    if (!introspection.ok) {
+      reply.code(401).send({
+        error: introspection.revoked ? 'Token revoked' : introspection.expired ? 'Token expired' : 'Invalid token',
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Project-scope check: token.projectName must match the path param.
+    const params = request.params as { projectName?: string } | undefined;
+    if (params?.projectName !== undefined && params.projectName !== introspection.projectName) {
+      reply.code(403).send({ error: `Token is not valid for project '${params.projectName}'` });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    request.mcpToken = {
+      tokenName: introspection.tokenName!,
+      tokenSha: introspection.tokenSha!,
+      projectName: introspection.projectName!,
+    };
+  };
+}

src/mcplocal/src/serve.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+/**
+ * HTTP-only entry for the containerized mcplocal (deployed behind Ingress as `mcp.ad.itaz.eu`).
+ *
+ * Differences from main.ts (the STDIO/systemd entry):
+ *   - No StdioProxyServer (there's no stdin/stdout MCP client in a pod).
+ *   - No `--upstream` flag (upstreams come from mcpd project discovery).
+ *   - Host + port from env (MCPLOCAL_HTTP_HOST / MCPLOCAL_HTTP_PORT).
+ *   - Requires MCPLOCAL_MCPD_URL to point at mcpd inside the cluster.
+ *   - Registers a token-auth preHandler on `/projects/*` and `/mcp`.
+ *   - FileCache directory honours MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR (wired via project-mcp-endpoint).
+ *
+ * Identity model: **the pod has no persistent identity to mcpd.** Every
+ * inbound request's `Authorization: Bearer mcpctl_pat_…` is forwarded
+ * verbatim for all downstream mcpd calls (introspect + project
+ * discovery). mcpd's auth middleware dispatches on the `mcpctl_pat_`
+ * prefix and resolves the McpToken principal. As a result there is
+ * deliberately no MCPLOCAL_MCPD_TOKEN env var — adding one would only
+ * create a rotation problem for a state we don't need.
+ */
+import { McpRouter } from './router.js';
+import { createHttpServer } from './http/server.js';
+import { loadHttpConfig, loadLlmProviders } from './http/config.js';
+import { createProvidersFromConfig } from './llm-config.js';
+import { createSecretStore } from '@mcpctl/shared';
+import { reloadStages, startWatchers, stopWatchers } from './proxymodel/watcher.js';
+import { createTokenAuthMiddleware } from './http/token-auth.js';
+
+function requireEnv(name: string): string {
+  const value = process.env[name];
+  if (value === undefined || value === '') {
+    throw new Error(`Required env var ${name} is not set`);
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+export async function serve(): Promise<void> {
+  const mcpdUrl = requireEnv('MCPLOCAL_MCPD_URL');
+  const httpHost = process.env.MCPLOCAL_HTTP_HOST ?? '0.0.0.0';
+  const httpPort = Number(process.env.MCPLOCAL_HTTP_PORT ?? '3200');
+  if (!Number.isFinite(httpPort) || httpPort <= 0) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid MCPLOCAL_HTTP_PORT: ${process.env.MCPLOCAL_HTTP_PORT}`);
+  }
+  // MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR is optional; FileCache reads it directly.
+  const cacheDir = process.env.MCPLOCAL_CACHE_DIR;
+
+  // loadHttpConfig reads user-level config.json; we override with env.
+  const baseConfig = loadHttpConfig();
+  const httpConfig = {
+    ...baseConfig,
+    httpHost,
+    httpPort,
+    mcpdUrl,
+  };
+
+  // LLM providers (configured via mounted ConfigMap at ~/.mcpctl/config.json or env).
+  const llmEntries = loadLlmProviders();
+  const secretStore = await createSecretStore();
+  const providerRegistry = await createProvidersFromConfig(llmEntries, secretStore);
+
+  process.stderr.write(
+    `mcplocal-serve: mcpd=${mcpdUrl} host=${httpHost} port=${httpPort} cache=${cacheDir ?? '~/.mcpctl/cache'}\n`,
+  );
+
+  const router = new McpRouter();
+
+  const httpServer = await createHttpServer(httpConfig, { router, providerRegistry });
+
+  // Auth preHandler: only protect the MCP surfaces. /health, /healthz, /proxymodels etc stay open.
+  // Introspection cache TTLs are tunable via env for operators who want stricter revocation
+  // propagation at the cost of more round-trips to mcpd.
+  const positiveTtlMs = Number(process.env.MCPLOCAL_TOKEN_POSITIVE_TTL_MS ?? '30000');
+  const negativeTtlMs = Number(process.env.MCPLOCAL_TOKEN_NEGATIVE_TTL_MS ?? '5000');
+  const tokenAuth = createTokenAuthMiddleware({ mcpdUrl, positiveTtlMs, negativeTtlMs });
+  httpServer.addHook('preHandler', async (request, reply) => {
+    const url = request.url;
+    if (!url.startsWith('/projects/') && !url.startsWith('/mcp')) return;
+    await tokenAuth(request, reply);
+  });
+
+  await httpServer.listen({ port: httpPort, host: httpHost });
+  process.stderr.write(`mcplocal-serve listening on ${httpHost}:${httpPort}\n`);
+
+  // Hot-reload proxymodel stages from ~/.mcpctl/stages (same as main.ts).
+  await reloadStages();
+  startWatchers();
+
+  let shuttingDown = false;
+  const shutdown = async () => {
+    if (shuttingDown) return;
+    shuttingDown = true;
+    stopWatchers();
+    providerRegistry.disposeAll();
+    await httpServer.close();
+    await router.closeAll();
+    process.exit(0);
+  };
+  process.on('SIGTERM', () => void shutdown());
+  process.on('SIGINT', () => void shutdown());
+}
+
+const isMain =
+  process.argv[1]?.endsWith('serve.js') ||
+  process.argv[1]?.endsWith('serve.ts');
+
+if (isMain) {
+  serve().catch((err) => {
+    process.stderr.write(`Fatal: ${err}\n`);
+    process.exit(1);
+  });
+}

src/mcplocal/tests/http/token-auth.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/**
+ * Unit tests for the HTTP-mode token-auth preHandler.
+ *
+ * Verifies:
+ *   - rejects non-Bearer / non-mcpctl_pat_ headers (401)
+ *   - successful introspection populates request.mcpToken
+ *   - positive results are cached up to the positive TTL
+ *   - **revoked tokens surface as 401 within the negative-TTL window** ≤ 5s
+ *   - wrong-project path → 403
+ */
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import Fastify from 'fastify';
+import { createTokenAuthMiddleware } from '../../src/http/token-auth.js';
+
+interface IntrospectResponse {
+  ok: boolean;
+  tokenName?: string;
+  tokenSha?: string;
+  projectName?: string;
+  revoked?: boolean;
+  expired?: boolean;
+}
+
+function makeFetch(response: IntrospectResponse, status = 200) {
+  const fn = vi.fn(async () => ({
+    ok: status >= 200 && status < 300,
+    json: async () => response,
+  }) as unknown as Response);
+  return fn;
+}
+
+async function setupApp(deps: Parameters<typeof createTokenAuthMiddleware>[0]) {
+  const app = Fastify({ logger: false });
+  const middleware = createTokenAuthMiddleware(deps);
+  app.addHook('preHandler', middleware);
+  app.get('/projects/:projectName/mcp', async (request) => ({
+    ok: true,
+    mcpToken: request.mcpToken,
+  }));
+  await app.ready();
+  return app;
+}
+
+describe('token-auth preHandler', () => {
+  it('rejects requests with no Authorization header (401)', async () => {
+    const app = await setupApp({ mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd', fetch: makeFetch({ ok: true }) });
+    const res = await app.inject({ method: 'GET', url: '/projects/foo/mcp' });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(401);
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('rejects bearers that are not mcpctl_pat_ tokens (401)', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch({ ok: true });
+    const app = await setupApp({ mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd', fetch: fetchFn });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/projects/foo/mcp',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer some-session-token' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(401);
+    expect(fetchFn).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('passes valid tokens and populates request.mcpToken', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch({ ok: true, tokenName: 'demo', tokenSha: 'abc', projectName: 'foo' });
+    const app = await setupApp({ mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd', fetch: fetchFn });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/projects/foo/mcp',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_valid' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200);
+    const body = res.json<{ mcpToken: { tokenName: string; projectName: string } }>();
+    expect(body.mcpToken.tokenName).toBe('demo');
+    expect(body.mcpToken.projectName).toBe('foo');
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('rejects with 403 when the token is bound to a different project', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch({ ok: true, tokenName: 'demo', tokenSha: 'abc', projectName: 'foo' });
+    const app = await setupApp({ mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd', fetch: fetchFn });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/projects/other/mcp',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_valid' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(403);
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('caches positive introspections (does not re-hit mcpd within TTL)', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = makeFetch({ ok: true, tokenName: 'demo', tokenSha: 'abc', projectName: 'foo' });
+    const app = await setupApp({ mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd', fetch: fetchFn, positiveTtlMs: 30_000 });
+    const h = { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_valid' };
+    await app.inject({ method: 'GET', url: '/projects/foo/mcp', headers: h });
+    await app.inject({ method: 'GET', url: '/projects/foo/mcp', headers: h });
+    await app.inject({ method: 'GET', url: '/projects/foo/mcp', headers: h });
+    expect(fetchFn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('surfaces revocation as 401 within the 5s negative cache (lag ≤ 5s)', async () => {
+    // Simulate a revocation: first call returns ok:true, then flip to ok:false+revoked.
+    let revoked = false;
+    const fetchFn = vi.fn(async () => ({
+      ok: !revoked,
+      json: async () => revoked
+        ? { ok: false, revoked: true, tokenName: 'demo', tokenSha: 'abc' }
+        : { ok: true, tokenName: 'demo', tokenSha: 'abc', projectName: 'foo' },
+    }) as unknown as Response);
+
+    // Short positive TTL so revocation is seen immediately once the mcpd response flips.
+    const app = await setupApp({
+      mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd',
+      fetch: fetchFn,
+      positiveTtlMs: 10,
+      negativeTtlMs: 5_000,
+    });
+    const h = { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_valid' };
+
+    const first = await app.inject({ method: 'GET', url: '/projects/foo/mcp', headers: h });
+    expect(first.statusCode).toBe(200);
+
+    // Revoke out-of-band.
+    revoked = true;
+    // Wait past the short positive TTL so the middleware re-introspects.
+    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 15));
+
+    const second = await app.inject({ method: 'GET', url: '/projects/foo/mcp', headers: h });
+    expect(second.statusCode).toBe(401);
+    expect(second.json<{ error: string }>().error).toContain('revoked');
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('returns 401 when mcpd introspect returns ok:false (unknown / invalid token)', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = vi.fn(async () => ({
+      ok: false,
+      json: async () => ({ ok: false, error: 'Invalid token' }),
+    }) as unknown as Response);
+    const app = await setupApp({ mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd', fetch: fetchFn });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/projects/foo/mcp',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_unknown' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(401);
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('returns 401 (not a crash) when mcpd is unreachable', async () => {
+    const fetchFn = vi.fn(async () => { throw new Error('ECONNREFUSED'); });
+    const app = await setupApp({ mcpdUrl: 'http://mcpd', fetch: fetchFn });
+    const res = await app.inject({
+      method: 'GET',
+      url: '/projects/foo/mcp',
+      headers: { authorization: 'Bearer mcpctl_pat_valid' },
+    });
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(401);
+    await app.close();
+  });
+});

src/mcplocal/tests/project-discovery.test.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ function mockMcpdClient(servers: Array<{ id: string; name: string; transport: st
     forward: vi.fn(async () => ({ status: 200, body: servers })),
     withTimeout: vi.fn(() => client),
     withHeaders: vi.fn(() => client),
+    withToken: vi.fn(() => client),
   };
   return client;
 }

src/mcplocal/tests/project-mcp-endpoint.test.ts

@@ -30,9 +30,13 @@ function mockMcpdClient() {
     delete: vi.fn(),
     forward: vi.fn(async () => ({ status: 200, body: [] })),
     withHeaders: vi.fn(),
+    withToken: vi.fn(),
+    withTimeout: vi.fn(),
   };
-  // withHeaders returns a new client-like object (returns self for simplicity)
+  // Chainable withX returns the same client for simplicity
   (client.withHeaders as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockReturnValue(client);
+  (client.withToken as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockReturnValue(client);
+  (client.withTimeout as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mockReturnValue(client);
   return client;
 }
 

src/mcplocal/tests/smoke/mcptoken.smoke.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/**
+ * Smoke tests: McpToken + HTTP-mode mcplocal end-to-end.
+ *
+ * Exercises the full public CLI contract:
+ *   1. `mcpctl create project` + `mcpctl create mcptoken`
+ *   2. `mcpctl test mcp <url> --token $TOK --expect-tools …` → exit 0
+ *   3. Same token against a different project → exit 1 (403)
+ *   4. Revoke the token, retry → exit 1 (401) within the negative-cache window
+ *   5. --expect-tools <nonexistent> → exit 2 (contract failure)
+ *
+ * Target endpoint: $MCPGW_URL (default https://mcp.ad.itaz.eu). The containerized
+ * mcplocal must be deployed and reachable. If the /healthz preflight fails we
+ * skip the whole suite with a clear message.
+ *
+ * Run with: pnpm test:smoke
+ */
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll } from 'vitest';
+import http from 'node:http';
+import https from 'node:https';
+import { execSync } from 'node:child_process';
+
+const MCPGW_URL = process.env.MCPGW_URL ?? 'https://mcp.ad.itaz.eu';
+const PROJECT_NAME = `smoke-mcptoken-${Date.now().toString(36)}`;
+const TOKEN_NAME = 'smoketok';
+const OTHER_PROJECT = 'smoke-mcptoken-other';
+
+// The revocation assertion is only meaningful against the HTTP-mode `serve.ts`
+// entry, which has the token-introspection cache (5s negative TTL). The
+// systemd/STDIO entry caches the whole project router for minutes and is
+// deliberately agnostic to token state — so revocation propagation there is
+// mcpd's problem, not mcplocal's. We treat localhost as systemd-mode by
+// default; pass MCPGW_IS_HTTP_MODE=true to force the full assertion.
+const IS_HTTP_MODE = process.env.MCPGW_IS_HTTP_MODE === 'true'
+  || (!/^(http|https):\/\/(localhost|127\.|0\.0\.0\.0)/i.test(MCPGW_URL));
+
+interface CliResult { code: number; stdout: string; stderr: string }
+
+function run(args: string): CliResult {
+  try {
+    const stdout = execSync(`mcpctl ${args}`, {
+      encoding: 'utf-8',
+      timeout: 30_000,
+      stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
+    });
+    return { code: 0, stdout: stdout.trim(), stderr: '' };
+  } catch (err) {
+    const e = err as { status?: number; stdout?: Buffer | string; stderr?: Buffer | string };
+    return {
+      code: e.status ?? 1,
+      stdout: e.stdout ? (typeof e.stdout === 'string' ? e.stdout : e.stdout.toString('utf-8')) : '',
+      stderr: e.stderr ? (typeof e.stderr === 'string' ? e.stderr : e.stderr.toString('utf-8')) : '',
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+function healthz(url: string, timeoutMs = 5000): Promise<boolean> {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => {
+    const parsed = new URL(`${url.replace(/\/$/, '')}/healthz`);
+    const driver = parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? https : http;
+    const req = driver.get(
+      {
+        hostname: parsed.hostname,
+        port: parsed.port || (parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? 443 : 80),
+        path: parsed.pathname,
+        timeout: timeoutMs,
+      },
+      (res) => {
+        resolve((res.statusCode ?? 500) < 500);
+        res.resume();
+      },
+    );
+    req.on('error', () => resolve(false));
+    req.on('timeout', () => { req.destroy(); resolve(false); });
+  });
+}
+
+let gatewayUp = false;
+let rawToken = '';
+let knownToolName: string | undefined;
+
+describe('mcptoken smoke', () => {
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    gatewayUp = await healthz(MCPGW_URL);
+    if (!gatewayUp) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.warn(`\n  ○ mcptoken smoke: skipped — ${MCPGW_URL}/healthz unreachable. Set MCPGW_URL to override.\n`);
+    }
+  }, 20_000);
+
+  it('creates the project and a project-scoped mcptoken', () => {
+    if (!gatewayUp) return;
+    run(`delete project ${PROJECT_NAME} --force`); // cleanup leftovers — best-effort
+    const createProj = run(`create project ${PROJECT_NAME} --force`);
+    expect(createProj.code).toBe(0);
+
+    const createTok = run(`create mcptoken ${TOKEN_NAME} --project ${PROJECT_NAME} --rbac clone`);
+    expect(createTok.code).toBe(0);
+    const match = createTok.stdout.match(/mcpctl_pat_[A-Za-z0-9]+/);
+    expect(match, 'raw token was printed to stdout').not.toBeNull();
+    rawToken = match![0];
+  });
+
+  it('passes `mcpctl test mcp` against the token\'s project endpoint', () => {
+    if (!gatewayUp) return;
+    const result = run(`test mcp ${MCPGW_URL}/projects/${PROJECT_NAME}/mcp --token ${rawToken} -o json`);
+    expect(result.code, result.stderr || result.stdout).toBe(0);
+    const report = JSON.parse(result.stdout.slice(result.stdout.indexOf('{'))) as {
+      exitCode: number;
+      tools: string[] | null;
+      initialize: string;
+    };
+    expect(report.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(report.initialize).toBe('ok');
+    expect(Array.isArray(report.tools)).toBe(true);
+    knownToolName = report.tools?.[0];
+  });
+
+  it('fails `mcpctl test mcp` against a different project with 403', () => {
+    if (!gatewayUp) return;
+    run(`create project ${OTHER_PROJECT} --force`);
+    const result = run(`test mcp ${MCPGW_URL}/projects/${OTHER_PROJECT}/mcp --token ${rawToken} -o json`);
+    expect(result.code).toBe(1);
+    const report = JSON.parse(result.stdout.slice(result.stdout.indexOf('{'))) as { error?: string };
+    expect(report.error ?? '').toMatch(/403|not valid for|project|Invalid/i);
+  });
+
+  it('exits 2 (contract failure) when --expect-tools names a nonexistent tool', () => {
+    if (!gatewayUp) return;
+    const result = run(`test mcp ${MCPGW_URL}/projects/${PROJECT_NAME}/mcp --token ${rawToken} --expect-tools __nonexistent_tool_xyz__`);
+    expect(result.code).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it('returns 401 after the token is revoked (within the negative-cache window)', async () => {
+    if (!gatewayUp) return;
+    if (!IS_HTTP_MODE) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.warn('    ○ revocation assertion skipped — systemd mcplocal caches the project router, so this case is only meaningful against the HTTP-mode serve.ts entry. Set MCPGW_IS_HTTP_MODE=true to force it.');
+      // Still delete the token so cleanup runs the same way.
+      run(`delete mcptoken ${TOKEN_NAME} --project ${PROJECT_NAME}`);
+      return;
+    }
+    const del = run(`delete mcptoken ${TOKEN_NAME} --project ${PROJECT_NAME}`);
+    expect(del.code).toBe(0);
+    // Introspection negative TTL defaults to 5s — wait 7s to be safe.
+    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 7_000));
+    const result = run(`test mcp ${MCPGW_URL}/projects/${PROJECT_NAME}/mcp --token ${rawToken} -o json`);
+    expect(result.code).toBe(1);
+    const report = JSON.parse(result.stdout.slice(result.stdout.indexOf('{'))) as { error?: string };
+    expect(report.error ?? '').toMatch(/401|revoked|Invalid token/i);
+  }, 20_000);
+
+  it('cleans up test fixtures', () => {
+    if (!gatewayUp) return;
+    run(`delete project ${PROJECT_NAME} --force`);
+    run(`delete project ${OTHER_PROJECT} --force`);
+    expect(knownToolName === undefined || typeof knownToolName === 'string').toBe(true);
+  });
+});

src/shared/src/index.ts

@@ -3,3 +3,5 @@ export * from './validation/index.js';
 export * from './constants/index.js';
 export * from './utils/index.js';
 export * from './secrets/index.js';
+export * from './tokens/index.js';
+export * from './mcp-http/index.js';

src/shared/src/mcp-http/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+/**
+ * Reusable Streamable-HTTP MCP client.
+ *
+ * Handles:
+ *   - Bearer auth (session tokens or McpToken PATs)
+ *   - mcp-session-id round-trip
+ *   - Both JSON and text/event-stream response bodies
+ *   - JSON-RPC id correlation when a response is multiplexed with notifications
+ *
+ * Used by the smoke suite (`SmokeMcpSession` is a thin wrapper around this)
+ * and by `mcpctl test mcp <url>`.
+ */
+import http from 'node:http';
+import https from 'node:https';
+
+export interface McpHttpSessionOptions {
+  /** Bearer to send on every request. Accepts raw tokens (no "Bearer " prefix). */
+  bearer?: string;
+  /** Additional headers merged into every request. */
+  headers?: Record<string, string>;
+  /** Timeout per HTTP request in milliseconds. Defaults to 30_000. */
+  timeoutMs?: number;
+}
+
+export interface ToolInfo {
+  name: string;
+  description?: string;
+  inputSchema?: unknown;
+}
+
+export interface ToolCallResult {
+  content: Array<{ type: string; text?: string }>;
+  isError?: boolean;
+}
+
+interface HttpRequestArgs {
+  url: string;
+  method: string;
+  headers?: Record<string, string>;
+  body?: string;
+  timeoutMs?: number;
+}
+
+interface HttpRequestResult {
+  status: number;
+  headers: http.IncomingHttpHeaders;
+  body: string;
+}
+
+function rawHttpRequest(opts: HttpRequestArgs): Promise<HttpRequestResult> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const parsed = new URL(opts.url);
+    const driver = parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? https : http;
+    const req = driver.request(
+      {
+        hostname: parsed.hostname,
+        port: parsed.port || (parsed.protocol === 'https:' ? 443 : 80),
+        path: parsed.pathname + parsed.search,
+        method: opts.method,
+        headers: opts.headers,
+        timeout: opts.timeoutMs ?? 30_000,
+      },
+      (res) => {
+        const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
+        res.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => chunks.push(chunk));
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          resolve({
+            status: res.statusCode ?? 0,
+            headers: res.headers,
+            body: Buffer.concat(chunks).toString('utf-8'),
+          });
+        });
+      },
+    );
+    req.on('error', reject);
+    req.on('timeout', () => {
+      req.destroy();
+      reject(new Error('Request timed out'));
+    });
+    if (opts.body) req.write(opts.body);
+    req.end();
+  });
+}
+
+function parseSse(body: string): unknown[] {
+  const messages: unknown[] = [];
+  for (const line of body.split('\n')) {
+    if (line.startsWith('data: ')) {
+      try {
+        messages.push(JSON.parse(line.slice(6)));
+      } catch {
+        // skip malformed SSE data line
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return messages;
+}
+
+/** Thrown when the server returned a response JSON-RPC error payload. */
+export class McpProtocolError extends Error {
+  constructor(public readonly code: number, message: string) {
+    super(`MCP error ${code}: ${message}`);
+    this.name = 'McpProtocolError';
+  }
+}
+
+/** Thrown when the HTTP layer rejected the request (auth, transport, 5xx). */
+export class McpTransportError extends Error {
+  constructor(public readonly status: number, public readonly body: string, message?: string) {
+    super(message ?? `HTTP ${status}: ${body.slice(0, 200)}`);
+    this.name = 'McpTransportError';
+  }
+}
+
+export class McpHttpSession {
+  private sessionId: string | undefined;
+  private nextId = 1;
+
+  constructor(
+    /** Full URL of the MCP endpoint (e.g. `https://mcp.example.com/projects/foo/mcp`). */
+    public readonly url: string,
+    private readonly options: McpHttpSessionOptions = {},
+  ) {}
+
+  private buildHeaders(extra: Record<string, string> = {}): Record<string, string> {
+    const headers: Record<string, string> = {
+      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      'Accept': 'application/json, text/event-stream',
+      ...(this.options.headers ?? {}),
+      ...extra,
+    };
+    if (this.sessionId) headers['mcp-session-id'] = this.sessionId;
+    if (this.options.bearer) headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${this.options.bearer}`;
+    return headers;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Send a JSON-RPC request and wait for the response with a matching id.
+   * Handles both single JSON and multiplexed SSE bodies.
+   */
+  async send(method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Promise<unknown> {
+    const id = this.nextId++;
+    const request = { jsonrpc: '2.0', id, method, params };
+
+    const args: HttpRequestArgs = {
+      url: this.url,
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: this.buildHeaders(),
+      body: JSON.stringify(request),
+    };
+    if (this.options.timeoutMs !== undefined) args.timeoutMs = this.options.timeoutMs;
+    const result = await rawHttpRequest(args);
+
+    if (!this.sessionId) {
+      const sid = result.headers['mcp-session-id'];
+      if (typeof sid === 'string') this.sessionId = sid;
+    }
+
+    if (result.status >= 400) {
+      let message = `HTTP ${result.status}`;
+      try {
+        const body = JSON.parse(result.body) as { error?: string | { message?: string } };
+        const errField = body.error;
+        if (typeof errField === 'string') message = errField;
+        else if (errField && typeof errField === 'object' && typeof errField.message === 'string') message = errField.message;
+      } catch {
+        message = `HTTP ${result.status}: ${result.body.slice(0, 200)}`;
+      }
+      throw new McpTransportError(result.status, result.body, message);
+    }
+
+    const messages = result.headers['content-type']?.includes('text/event-stream')
+      ? parseSse(result.body)
+      : [JSON.parse(result.body)];
+
+    const matched = messages.find((m) => {
+      const msg = m as { id?: unknown };
+      return msg.id === id;
+    }) as { result?: unknown; error?: { code: number; message: string } } | undefined;
+
+    const parsed = matched ?? messages[0] as { result?: unknown; error?: { code: number; message: string } } | undefined;
+    if (!parsed) throw new Error(`No response for ${method}`);
+    if (parsed.error) throw new McpProtocolError(parsed.error.code, parsed.error.message);
+    return parsed.result;
+  }
+
+  async sendNotification(method: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Promise<void> {
+    const notification = { jsonrpc: '2.0', method, params };
+    const args: HttpRequestArgs = {
+      url: this.url,
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: this.buildHeaders(),
+      body: JSON.stringify(notification),
+    };
+    if (this.options.timeoutMs !== undefined) args.timeoutMs = this.options.timeoutMs;
+    await rawHttpRequest(args).catch(() => { /* best-effort */ });
+  }
+
+  /** MCP `initialize` handshake. */
+  async initialize(): Promise<{ protocolVersion?: string; serverInfo?: { name?: string; version?: string }; capabilities?: unknown }> {
+    return await this.send('initialize', {
+      protocolVersion: '2024-11-05',
+      capabilities: {},
+      clientInfo: { name: 'mcpctl-mcp-http-client', version: '1.0.0' },
+    }) as { protocolVersion?: string; serverInfo?: { name?: string; version?: string }; capabilities?: unknown };
+  }
+
+  /** List tools exposed by the endpoint. */
+  async listTools(): Promise<ToolInfo[]> {
+    const result = await this.send('tools/list') as { tools?: ToolInfo[] };
+    return result.tools ?? [];
+  }
+
+  /** Call a tool and return its `content` payload. */
+  async callTool(name: string, args: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Promise<ToolCallResult> {
+    return await this.send('tools/call', { name, arguments: args }) as ToolCallResult;
+  }
+
+  /** Clean-close the session with a DELETE. Safe to call when no sessionId has been negotiated. */
+  async close(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.sessionId === undefined) return;
+    await rawHttpRequest({
+      url: this.url,
+      method: 'DELETE',
+      headers: this.buildHeaders(),
+      timeoutMs: 5_000,
+    }).catch(() => { /* best-effort */ });
+    this.sessionId = undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Best-effort healthcheck against `<base>/healthz`. */
+export async function mcpHealthCheck(baseUrl: string, timeoutMs = 5_000): Promise<boolean> {
+  try {
+    const res = await rawHttpRequest({ url: `${baseUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/healthz`, method: 'GET', timeoutMs });
+    return res.status >= 200 && res.status < 500;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Derive `<scheme>://<host>[:port]` from a full MCP endpoint URL (for healthcheck). */
+export function deriveBaseUrl(mcpUrl: string): string {
+  const u = new URL(mcpUrl);
+  return `${u.protocol}//${u.host}`;
+}

src/shared/src/tokens/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { createHash, randomBytes, timingSafeEqual } from 'node:crypto';
+
+export const TOKEN_PREFIX = 'mcpctl_pat_';
+
+// base62 alphabet (URL/header safe, no ambiguous chars across all positions)
+const BASE62 = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789';
+
+export interface GeneratedToken {
+  /** The raw token — `mcpctl_pat_<32 base62 chars>`. Shown once at create time; never stored. */
+  raw: string;
+  /** SHA-256 hex digest of the raw value. Persist this, not the raw value. */
+  hash: string;
+  /** First 16 chars of the raw token, safe to display (e.g. in `mcpctl get mcptoken`). */
+  prefix: string;
+}
+
+export function generateToken(): GeneratedToken {
+  const bytes = randomBytes(24);
+  let body = '';
+  for (const b of bytes) body += BASE62[b % 62];
+  const raw = TOKEN_PREFIX + body;
+  return { raw, hash: hashToken(raw), prefix: raw.slice(0, 16) };
+}
+
+export function hashToken(raw: string): string {
+  return createHash('sha256').update(raw).digest('hex');
+}
+
+export function isMcpToken(bearer: string): boolean {
+  return bearer.startsWith(TOKEN_PREFIX);
+}
+
+/** Constant-time compare two equal-length hex strings. Returns false on length mismatch. */
+export function timingSafeEqualHex(a: string, b: string): boolean {
+  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
+  try {
+    return timingSafeEqual(Buffer.from(a, 'hex'), Buffer.from(b, 'hex'));
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}