diff --git a/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/llm-adapter.ts b/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/llm-adapter.ts
index ad8a6ff..cb9da43 100644
--- a/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/llm-adapter.ts
+++ b/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/llm-adapter.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,20 @@
 import type { ProviderRegistry } from '../providers/registry.js';
 import type { LlmProvider, CompletionOptions } from '../providers/types.js';
 import type { LLMProvider, LLMCompleteOptions } from './types.js';
+import { withTimeout, TimeoutError, anySignal } from '../util/with-timeout.js';
+
+/**
+ * Wall-clock budget for one ctx.llm.complete(), spanning ALL failover
+ * candidates. Bounds the worst case at one budget rather than N × per-attempt.
+ *
+ * Enforced here, in the adapter, rather than at each call site: a stage that
+ * passes no options is still bounded, and a stage written next year inherits
+ * the guarantee. Three production tool calls hung forever because
+ * stages/paginate.ts simply forgot to wrap its call.
+ */
+export const LLM_CALL_BUDGET_MS = Number(process.env['MCPCTL_LLM_CALL_BUDGET_MS'] ?? '20000');
+/** Cap on any single provider attempt inside that budget. */
+export const LLM_PROVIDER_TIMEOUT_MS = Number(process.env['MCPCTL_LLM_PROVIDER_TIMEOUT_MS'] ?? '10000');
 
 export class LLMProviderAdapter implements LLMProvider {
   constructor(
@@ -22,17 +36,44 @@ export class LLMProviderAdapter implements LLMProvider {
       throw new Error('No LLM provider available');
     }
 
+    const budgetMs = options?.budgetMs ?? LLM_CALL_BUDGET_MS;
+    const perCallMs = options?.perCallTimeoutMs ?? LLM_PROVIDER_TIMEOUT_MS;
+    const deadline = Date.now() + budgetMs;
     const opts = this.buildOpts(prompt, options);
     let lastError: Error | null = null;
+    let tried = 0;
 
     for (const provider of candidates) {
+      const remaining = deadline - Date.now();
+      if (remaining <= 0) {
+        // Budget spent mid-chain. Report the real cause where we have one —
+        // a provider that actually failed is more useful than "timed out".
+        throw lastError ?? new TimeoutError(
+          `llm completion (${String(tried)}/${String(candidates.length)} providers tried)`,
+          budgetMs,
+        );
+      }
+      tried++;
+      const startedAt = Date.now();
       try {
-        const result = await provider.complete(opts);
+        const result = await withTimeout(
+          (timeoutSignal) => provider.complete({
+            ...opts,
+            signal: anySignal(timeoutSignal, options?.signal),
+          }),
+          Math.min(perCallMs, remaining),
+          `llm ${provider.name}`,
+        );
         return result.content;
       } catch (err) {
+        // The caller gave up (stage budget / request deadline). Don't burn the
+        // rest of the chain on a request nobody is waiting for any more.
+        if (options?.signal?.aborted === true) throw err;
         lastError = err as Error;
         process.stderr.write(
-          `[llm-adapter] ${provider.name} failed, trying next: ${lastError.message}\n`,
+          `[llm-adapter] ${provider.name} failed after ${String(Date.now() - startedAt)}ms `
+          + `(${String(Math.max(0, deadline - Date.now()))}ms budget left), `
+          + `trying next: ${lastError.message}\n`,
         );
       }
     }
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/plugins/gate.ts b/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/plugins/gate.ts
index 7dfdd53..1b240b8 100644
--- a/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/plugins/gate.ts
+++ b/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/plugins/gate.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { TagMatcher, extractKeywordsFromToolCall, tokenizeDescription } from '..
 import type { TagMatchResult } from '../../gate/tag-matcher.js';
 import { LlmPromptSelector, pickCompletionText, type ServerInfer } from '../../gate/llm-selector.js';
 import type { ProviderRegistry } from '../../providers/registry.js';
-import { withTimeout, TimeoutError } from '../../util/with-timeout.js';
+import { bounded } from '../../util/degrade.js';
 import { sanitizeWireName } from '../../util/wire-names.js';
 
 /** Cap on the gate's LLM prompt-selection. A slow/thinking LLM must never block
@@ -314,7 +314,9 @@ async function handleBeginSession(
   let degradedReason: string | null = null;
 
   if (llmSelector) {
-    try {
+    // Labelled block, not try/catch: bounded() cannot throw, so falling back is
+    // an ordinary early exit rather than an exception path.
+    llmSelection: {
       const llmIndex = promptIndex.map((p) => ({
         name: p.name,
         priority: p.priority,
@@ -336,15 +338,25 @@ async function handleBeginSession(
             return pickCompletionText(resp);
           }
         : undefined;
-      const llmResult = await withTimeout(
+      const selection = await bounded(
         (signal) => llmSelector.selectPrompts(tags, llmIndex, {
           getSystemPromptFn,
           signal,
           ...(serverInfer ? { serverInfer } : {}),
         }),
-        GATE_LLM_TIMEOUT_MS,
-        'gate LLM prompt-selection',
+        {
+          label: 'gate',
+          operation: 'LLM prompt-selection',
+          timeoutMs: GATE_LLM_TIMEOUT_MS,
+          fallback: 'to priority-ordered prompts',
+        },
       );
+      if (selection.degraded) {
+        degradedReason = selection.reason;
+        matchResult = tagMatcher.match(tags, promptIndex);
+        break llmSelection;
+      }
+      const llmResult = selection.value;
       reasoning = llmResult.reasoning;
 
       const selectedSet = new Set(llmResult.selectedNames);
@@ -356,13 +368,6 @@ async function handleBeginSession(
         selected,
       );
       matchResult.remaining = [...matchResult.remaining, ...remaining];
-    } catch (err) {
-      degradedReason = err instanceof TimeoutError
-        ? `LLM prompt-selection timed out after ${String(GATE_LLM_TIMEOUT_MS)}ms`
-        : `LLM prompt-selection failed: ${(err as Error).message}`;
-      // Loud, not silent — visible in mcplocal logs.
-      console.error(`[gate] ${degradedReason} — falling back to priority-ordered prompts`);
-      matchResult = tagMatcher.match(tags, promptIndex);
     }
   } else {
     matchResult = tagMatcher.match(tags, promptIndex);
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/types.ts b/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/types.ts
index 83fbf67..da3b8a8 100644
--- a/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/types.ts
+++ b/src/mcplocal/src/proxymodel/types.ts
@@ -142,6 +142,19 @@ export interface LLMProvider {
 export interface LLMCompleteOptions {
   system?: string;
   maxTokens?: number;
+  /**
+   * Wall-clock budget for this call INCLUDING provider failover — N candidates
+   * share one budget, so the worst case is `budgetMs`, not N × per-attempt.
+   * Defaults to MCPCTL_LLM_CALL_BUDGET_MS.
+   */
+  budgetMs?: number;
+  /** Cap on any single provider attempt inside that budget. */
+  perCallTimeoutMs?: number;
+  /**
+   * Caller cancellation (stage budget, request deadline). Aborts failover too:
+   * if the caller has given up there is no point trying the next provider.
+   */
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/src/util/degrade.ts b/src/mcplocal/src/util/degrade.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b228d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mcplocal/src/util/degrade.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/**
+ * Run an LLM-*optional* operation under a hard bound, never throwing.
+ *
+ * This is `docs/reliability.md`'s principle in one place: **bounded,
+ * deterministic fallback, loud not silent.** The pattern was previously
+ * open-coded in the gate (`proxymodel/plugins/gate.ts`) and pagination
+ * (`llm/pagination.ts`) while the newer proxymodel stages simply omitted it —
+ * `stages/paginate.ts` awaited a completion with no timeout at all, so a hung
+ * provider never settled, the tool call never returned, and the client waited
+ * out its own 1800s timeout. Three such requests were served (or rather, not
+ * served) in production.
+ *
+ * `bounded()` cannot throw. The caller always receives either a value or a
+ * reason string, which makes the deterministic fallback unconditional rather
+ * than something a `catch` block has to remember to do.
+ */
+import { withTimeout, TimeoutError, anySignal } from './with-timeout.js';
+
+export type BoundedResult<T> =
+  | { degraded: false; value: T }
+  | { degraded: true; reason: string };
+
+export interface BoundedOptions {
+  /** Log prefix, e.g. 'gate' renders as `[gate] …`. */
+  label: string;
+  /** What is being attempted, e.g. 'LLM prompt-selection'. Used in the reason. */
+  operation: string;
+  timeoutMs: number;
+  /** Extra cancellation (stage budget, request deadline). */
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
+  /**
+   * What happens instead, appended to the log line as `— falling back <x>`.
+   * Keep it specific: these strings are what an operator greps for when a
+   * degradation has to be diagnosed after the fact.
+   */
+  fallback?: string;
+}
+
+export async function bounded<T>(
+  run: (signal: AbortSignal) => Promise<T>,
+  options: BoundedOptions,
+): Promise<BoundedResult<T>> {
+  try {
+    const value = await withTimeout(
+      (timeoutSignal) => run(anySignal(timeoutSignal, options.signal)),
+      options.timeoutMs,
+      options.operation,
+    );
+    return { degraded: false, value };
+  } catch (err) {
+    const reason = err instanceof TimeoutError
+      ? `${options.operation} timed out after ${String(options.timeoutMs)}ms`
+      : `${options.operation} failed: ${(err as Error).message}`;
+    // Loud, not silent — visible in mcplocal logs.
+    const fallback = options.fallback ?? '';
+    console.error(`[${options.label}] ${reason} — falling back${fallback ? ` ${fallback}` : ''}`);
+    return { degraded: true, reason };
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The established user-facing wording:
+ * `⚠ <feature> unavailable (<reason>). <hint>`
+ *
+ * Kept here so every degradation reads the same to a model, whichever
+ * subsystem produced it.
+ */
+export function degradationNotice(feature: string, reason: string, hint: string): string {
+  return `⚠ ${feature} unavailable (${reason}). ${hint}\n`;
+}
+
+/** Audit payload fragment matching the existing `gate_decision` shape. */
+export function degradationAudit(
+  result: BoundedResult<unknown>,
+): { degraded: boolean; degradedReason: string | null } {
+  return result.degraded
+    ? { degraded: true, degradedReason: result.reason }
+    : { degraded: false, degradedReason: null };
+}
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/src/util/with-timeout.ts b/src/mcplocal/src/util/with-timeout.ts
index c67c720..8c25499 100644
--- a/src/mcplocal/src/util/with-timeout.ts
+++ b/src/mcplocal/src/util/with-timeout.ts
@@ -38,3 +38,26 @@ export async function withTimeout<T>(
     if (timer !== undefined) clearTimeout(timer);
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * Combine a timeout signal with an optional caller signal.
+ *
+ * `AbortSignal.any` landed in Node 20.3 but `package.json` declares `>=20.0.0`,
+ * so we cannot rely on it being present. Falls back to a small controller that
+ * mirrors whichever input aborts first.
+ */
+export function anySignal(timeoutSignal: AbortSignal, callerSignal?: AbortSignal): AbortSignal {
+  if (!callerSignal) return timeoutSignal;
+  const anyFn = (AbortSignal as { any?: (signals: AbortSignal[]) => AbortSignal }).any;
+  if (typeof anyFn === 'function') return anyFn([timeoutSignal, callerSignal]);
+
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  if (timeoutSignal.aborted || callerSignal.aborted) {
+    controller.abort();
+    return controller.signal;
+  }
+  const onAbort = (): void => { controller.abort(); };
+  timeoutSignal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
+  callerSignal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
+  return controller.signal;
+}
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/tests/degrade.test.ts b/src/mcplocal/tests/degrade.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e63889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mcplocal/tests/degrade.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { bounded, degradationNotice, degradationAudit } from '../src/util/degrade.js';
+
+afterEach(() => { vi.restoreAllMocks(); });
+
+describe('bounded', () => {
+  it('passes a value through untouched when the operation succeeds', async () => {
+    const res = await bounded(async () => 'ok', {
+      label: 'test', operation: 'thing', timeoutMs: 100,
+    });
+    expect(res).toEqual({ degraded: false, value: 'ok' });
+  });
+
+  it('degrades with a reason naming the timeout, instead of hanging', async () => {
+    const err = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => { /* quiet */ });
+    const start = Date.now();
+    const res = await bounded(() => new Promise<never>(() => { /* never settles */ }), {
+      label: 'paginate', operation: 'Smart page titles', timeoutMs: 50,
+    });
+    expect(res.degraded).toBe(true);
+    if (!res.degraded) throw new Error('unreachable');
+    expect(res.reason).toBe('Smart page titles timed out after 50ms');
+    expect(Date.now() - start).toBeLessThan(1000);
+    expect(err).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.stringContaining('[paginate]'));
+  });
+
+  it('degrades with the message when the operation throws', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => { /* quiet */ });
+    const res = await bounded(() => Promise.reject(new Error('boom')), {
+      label: 'test', operation: 'thing', timeoutMs: 100,
+    });
+    if (!res.degraded) throw new Error('expected degradation');
+    expect(res.reason).toBe('thing failed: boom');
+  });
+
+  it('never throws — that is what makes the fallback unconditional', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => { /* quiet */ });
+    await expect(bounded(() => { throw new Error('sync throw'); }, {
+      label: 'test', operation: 'thing', timeoutMs: 100,
+    })).resolves.toMatchObject({ degraded: true });
+  });
+
+  it('honours a caller signal as well as the timeout', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => { /* quiet */ });
+    const caller = new AbortController();
+    let sawAbort = false;
+    const p = bounded((signal) => new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+      signal.addEventListener('abort', () => { sawAbort = true; reject(new Error('aborted')); });
+    }), { label: 'test', operation: 'thing', timeoutMs: 5000, signal: caller.signal });
+    caller.abort();
+    const res = await p;
+    expect(sawAbort).toBe(true);
+    expect(res.degraded).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('degradationNotice', () => {
+  it('reproduces the established gate wording exactly', () => {
+    expect(degradationNotice(
+      'Smart prompt-selection',
+      'LLM prompt-selection timed out after 8000ms',
+      'Showing priority-ordered prompts — still relevant, just not LLM-ranked.',
+    )).toBe(
+      '⚠ Smart prompt-selection unavailable (LLM prompt-selection timed out after 8000ms). '
+      + 'Showing priority-ordered prompts — still relevant, just not LLM-ranked.\n',
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe('degradationAudit', () => {
+  it('matches the existing gate_decision payload shape', () => {
+    expect(degradationAudit({ degraded: false, value: 1 }))
+      .toEqual({ degraded: false, degradedReason: null });
+    expect(degradationAudit({ degraded: true, reason: 'why' }))
+      .toEqual({ degraded: true, degradedReason: 'why' });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/tests/llm-adapter-budget.test.ts b/src/mcplocal/tests/llm-adapter-budget.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a6ca04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mcplocal/tests/llm-adapter-budget.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { LLMProviderAdapter } from '../src/proxymodel/llm-adapter.js';
+import { TimeoutError } from '../src/util/with-timeout.js';
+import type { ProviderRegistry } from '../src/providers/registry.js';
+import type { LlmProvider, CompletionOptions, CompletionResult } from '../src/providers/types.js';
+
+/** A provider whose complete() never settles unless its signal aborts. */
+function hangingProvider(name: string): LlmProvider {
+  return {
+    name,
+    complete: (opts: CompletionOptions) => new Promise<CompletionResult>((_, reject) => {
+      opts.signal?.addEventListener('abort', () => { reject(new Error('aborted')); });
+    }),
+  } as unknown as LlmProvider;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A provider that ignores its AbortSignal entirely — deepseek, ollama,
+ * gemini-cli and gemini-acp all do. withTimeout's race must still unblock us.
+ */
+function deafProvider(name: string): LlmProvider {
+  return {
+    name,
+    complete: () => new Promise<CompletionResult>(() => { /* never settles, never listens */ }),
+  } as unknown as LlmProvider;
+}
+
+function okProvider(name: string, content: string): LlmProvider {
+  return {
+    name,
+    complete: async () => ({ content, finishReason: 'stop' }),
+  } as unknown as LlmProvider;
+}
+
+function failingProvider(name: string, message: string): LlmProvider {
+  return {
+    name,
+    complete: () => Promise.reject(new Error(message)),
+  } as unknown as LlmProvider;
+}
+
+/** Registry stub exposing only what getCandidates() touches. */
+function registryOf(...providers: LlmProvider[]): ProviderRegistry {
+  const byName = new Map(providers.map((p) => [p.name, p]));
+  return {
+    get: (n: string) => byName.get(n) ?? null,
+    getTierProviders: (tier: string) => (tier === 'fast' ? [...byName.keys()] : []),
+    getActive: () => null,
+  } as unknown as ProviderRegistry;
+}
+
+afterEach(() => { vi.restoreAllMocks(); });
+
+describe('LLMProviderAdapter failover budget', () => {
+  it('shares one budget across all candidates instead of multiplying it', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
+    const adapter = new LLMProviderAdapter(
+      registryOf(hangingProvider('a'), hangingProvider('b'), hangingProvider('c')),
+    );
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    await expect(
+      adapter.complete('hi', { budgetMs: 300, perCallTimeoutMs: 100 }),
+    ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(Error);
+    const elapsed = Date.now() - start;
+
+    // Three hanging providers at 100ms each would be ~300ms either way, but the
+    // budget must cap the TOTAL: without it, a larger perCall would run 3x.
+    expect(elapsed).toBeLessThan(1000);
+  });
+
+  it('caps total time by budgetMs even when per-attempt would allow more', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
+    const adapter = new LLMProviderAdapter(
+      registryOf(hangingProvider('a'), hangingProvider('b'), hangingProvider('c')),
+    );
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    // perCall (10s) far exceeds the budget: pre-fix this was 3 x 10s.
+    await expect(
+      adapter.complete('hi', { budgetMs: 250, perCallTimeoutMs: 10_000 }),
+    ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(Error);
+    expect(Date.now() - start).toBeLessThan(1500);
+  });
+
+  it('still fails over — a healthy provider after a broken one succeeds', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
+    const adapter = new LLMProviderAdapter(
+      registryOf(failingProvider('broken', 'nope'), okProvider('good', 'answer')),
+    );
+    await expect(adapter.complete('hi')).resolves.toBe('answer');
+  });
+
+  it('bounds a provider that ignores its abort signal', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
+    const adapter = new LLMProviderAdapter(registryOf(deafProvider('deaf-a'), deafProvider('deaf-b')));
+    // Nothing honours the signal, so withTimeout's race is the only thing that
+    // can unblock the caller — and the surfaced cause is the timeout itself.
+    const start = Date.now();
+    await expect(
+      adapter.complete('hi', { budgetMs: 200, perCallTimeoutMs: 80 }),
+    ).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(TimeoutError);
+    expect(Date.now() - start).toBeLessThan(1500);
+  });
+
+  it('surfaces the real provider failure rather than the budget when there is one', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
+    const adapter = new LLMProviderAdapter(
+      registryOf(failingProvider('broken', 'upstream 503'), deafProvider('deaf')),
+    );
+    // 'broken' failing is more useful diagnostically than "budget expired".
+    await expect(adapter.complete('hi', { budgetMs: 150, perCallTimeoutMs: 80 }))
+      .rejects.toThrow(/upstream 503|timed out/);
+  });
+
+  it('stops failing over as soon as the caller aborts', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
+    let attempts = 0;
+    const counting = (name: string): LlmProvider => ({
+      name,
+      complete: (opts: CompletionOptions) => {
+        attempts++;
+        return new Promise<CompletionResult>((_, reject) => {
+          opts.signal?.addEventListener('abort', () => { reject(new Error('aborted')); });
+        });
+      },
+    } as unknown as LlmProvider);
+
+    const adapter = new LLMProviderAdapter(registryOf(counting('a'), counting('b'), counting('c')));
+    const caller = new AbortController();
+    const p = adapter.complete('hi', { budgetMs: 5000, perCallTimeoutMs: 5000, signal: caller.signal });
+    caller.abort();
+    await expect(p).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(Error);
+    expect(attempts).toBe(1); // did not burn the rest of the chain
+  });
+
+  it('is bounded even when the caller passes no options at all', async () => {
+    vi.spyOn(process.stderr, 'write').mockImplementation(() => true);
+    // The whole point of enforcing in the adapter: an unwrapped call site
+    // (stages/paginate.ts was exactly this) is still bounded by the env
+    // default. Re-import with a short default so the test is fast.
+    vi.stubEnv('MCPCTL_LLM_CALL_BUDGET_MS', '150');
+    vi.stubEnv('MCPCTL_LLM_PROVIDER_TIMEOUT_MS', '80');
+    vi.resetModules();
+    const { LLMProviderAdapter: Fresh } = await import('../src/proxymodel/llm-adapter.js');
+    const adapter = new Fresh(registryOf(deafProvider('deaf')));
+
+    const start = Date.now();
+    await expect(adapter.complete('hi')).rejects.toBeInstanceOf(Error);
+    expect(Date.now() - start).toBeLessThan(1500);
+    vi.unstubAllEnvs();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/tests/proxymodel-llm-adapter.test.ts b/src/mcplocal/tests/proxymodel-llm-adapter.test.ts
index 815d46e..717df9f 100644
--- a/src/mcplocal/tests/proxymodel-llm-adapter.test.ts
+++ b/src/mcplocal/tests/proxymodel-llm-adapter.test.ts
@@ -52,9 +52,12 @@ describe('LLMProviderAdapter', () => {
     const result = await adapter.complete('summarize this');
 
     expect(result).toBe('mock response');
+    // signal is always supplied now: every provider attempt must be
+    // cancellable, so a hung provider can never outlive its budget.
     expect(provider.complete).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
       messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'summarize this' }],
       temperature: 0,
+      signal: expect.any(AbortSignal),
     });
   });
 
@@ -74,6 +77,7 @@ describe('LLMProviderAdapter', () => {
       ],
       maxTokens: 200,
       temperature: 0,
+      signal: expect.any(AbortSignal),
     });
   });
 
diff --git a/src/mcplocal/tests/with-timeout.test.ts b/src/mcplocal/tests/with-timeout.test.ts
index f58ab99..e140569 100644
--- a/src/mcplocal/tests/with-timeout.test.ts
+++ b/src/mcplocal/tests/with-timeout.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
-import { withTimeout, TimeoutError } from '../src/util/with-timeout.js';
+import { withTimeout, TimeoutError, anySignal } from '../src/util/with-timeout.js';
 
 describe('withTimeout', () => {
   it('resolves when the operation finishes in time', async () => {
@@ -33,3 +33,34 @@ describe('withTimeout', () => {
     ).rejects.toThrow('boom');
   });
 });
+
+describe('anySignal', () => {
+  it('returns the timeout signal unchanged when there is no caller signal', () => {
+    const c = new AbortController();
+    expect(anySignal(c.signal)).toBe(c.signal);
+  });
+
+  it('aborts when the timeout signal aborts', () => {
+    const timeout = new AbortController();
+    const caller = new AbortController();
+    const merged = anySignal(timeout.signal, caller.signal);
+    expect(merged.aborted).toBe(false);
+    timeout.abort();
+    expect(merged.aborted).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('aborts when the caller signal aborts', () => {
+    const timeout = new AbortController();
+    const caller = new AbortController();
+    const merged = anySignal(timeout.signal, caller.signal);
+    caller.abort();
+    expect(merged.aborted).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('is already aborted when an input was aborted before merging', () => {
+    const timeout = new AbortController();
+    const caller = new AbortController();
+    caller.abort();
+    expect(anySignal(timeout.signal, caller.signal).aborted).toBe(true);
+  });
+});